Cited by 188Mitochondrial Function and PathologyTreatment of Major DepressionTryptophan and brain disorders

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Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA, but not leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, is elevated in major depressive disorder

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Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to mitochondrial defects, which could manifest in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms or mutations. Additionally, copy number of mtDNA (mtDNA-cn) can be quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)s, indirectly reflecting cellular energetics, or in the circulating cell-free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA) levels, which may reflect a fraction of the mitochondrial genome released during cellular stress. Few studies have examined ccf-mtDNA in MDD, and no studies have tested its relationship with intracellular mtDNA-cn or with antidepressant treatment response. Here, mtDNA levels were quantified in parallel from: (i) PBMCs and (ii) cell-free plasma of 50 unmedicated MDD subjects and 55 controls, in parallel with PBMC telomere length (TL) and antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GpX) activity. MtDNA measures were repeated in 19 MDD subjects after 8 weeks of open-label SSRI treatment. In analyses adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and smoking, MDD subjects had significantly elevated levels of ccf-mtDNA (F = 20.6, p = 0.00002). PBMC mtDNA-cn did not differ between groups (p > 0.4). In preliminary analyses, we found that changes in ccf-mtDNA with SSRI treatment differed between SSRI responders and non-responders (F = 6.47, p = 0.02), with the non-responders showing an increase in ccf-mtDNA and responders not changing. Baseline ccf-mtDNA was positively correlated with GpX (r = 0.32, p = 0.001), and PBMC mtDNA correlated positively with PBMC TL (r = 0.38, p = 0.0001). These data suggest that plasma ccf-mtDNA and PBMC mtDNA-cn reflect different cellular processes and that the former may be more reflective of certain aspects of MDD pathophysiology and of the response to SSRI antidepressants.

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Fig. 1 Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (Ccf-mtDNA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mtDNA copy number in MDD subjects and controls. Data were log-transformed. Error bars indicate ±1 SD
Fig. 1 Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (Ccf-mtDNA) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mtDNA copy number in MDD subjects and controls. Data were log-transformed. Error bars indicate ±1 SDCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Change in circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) (mean + SEM) between baseline and week 8 in SSRI responders and non-responders. Data were log-transformed
Fig. 2 Change in circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) (mean + SEM) between baseline and week 8 in SSRI responders and non-responders. Data were log-transformedCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf mtDNA) (log-transformed) plotted against glutathione peroxidase activity (GpX) (z-scores) in MDD subjects and healthy controls. Pearson’s r = 0.32, p = 0.001
Fig. 3 Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf mtDNA) (log-transformed) plotted against glutathione peroxidase activity (GpX) (z-scores) in MDD subjects and healthy controls. Pearson’s r = 0.32, p = 0.001CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length plotted against PBMC mitochondrial DNA-copy number (mtDN-cn) (log-transformed) in MDD subjects and healthy controls. Pearson’s r = 0.28, p = 0.005
Fig. 4 Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) telomere length plotted against PBMC mitochondrial DNA-copy number (mtDN-cn) (log-transformed) in MDD subjects and healthy controls. Pearson’s r = 0.28, p = 0.005CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Lindqvist, D., Wolkowitz, O. M., Picard, M., Ohlsson, L., Bersani, F. S., Fernström, J., Westrin, Å., Hough, C. M., Lin, J., Reus, V. I., Epel, E. S., & Mellon, S. H.
Affiliations
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • Malmö University (SE)
  • Lund University (SE)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Lindqvist, Daniel
Venue
Neuropsychopharmacology
Published
2018-01-30
Volume
43
Issue
7
Pages
1557-1564
ISSN
  • 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-634X
OpenAlex
W2789855059
Cited by
188
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 5
FWCI
6.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
  • Malmö University Publications (Malmö University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Vetenskapsrådet (2015-00387)
  • Svenska Läkaresällskapet
  • University of California, San Francisco
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH083784, R01MH083784)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
major depressive disorder, circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial DNA copy number, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, telomere length, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress, antidepressant non-responders, mitochondrial dysfunction
MeSH terms
Cell-Free Nucleic Acids, Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, DNA, Mitochondrial, Female, Glutathione Peroxidase, Humans, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Male, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Young Adult, DNA Copy Number Variations, Telomere Homeostasis

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