Cited by 72Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsPrenatal Substance Exposure EffectsStress Responses and Cortisol

Early life alcohol exposure primes hypothalamic microglia to later-life hypersensitivity to immune stress: possible epigenetic mechanism

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Chastain, Lucy G., Franklin, Tina, Gangisetty, Omkaram, Cabrera, Miguel A., Mukherjee, Sayani, Shrivastava, Pallavi, Jabbar, Shaima, Sarkar, Dipak K.·2019·Neuropsychopharmacology

Abstract

Growing evidence has shown that developmental alcohol exposure induces central nervous system inflammation and microglia activation, which may contribute to long-term health conditions, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These studies sought to investigate whether neonatal alcohol exposure during postnatal days (PND) 2-6 in rats (third trimester human equivalent) leads to long-term disruption of the neuroimmune response by microglia. Exposure to neonatal alcohol resulted in acute increases in activation and inflammatory gene expression in hypothalamic microglia including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Adults with neonatal alcohol pre-exposure (alcohol fed; AF) animals showed an exaggerated peripheral stress hormonal response to an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharides; LPS). In addition, there were significantly more microglia present in the hypothalamus of adult AF animals, and their hypothalamic microglia showed more cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (Cd11b) activation, TNF-α expression, and IL-6 expression in response to LPS. Interestingly, blocking microglia activation with minocycline treatment during PND 2-6 alcohol exposure ameliorated the hormonal and microglial hypersensitivity to LPS in AF adult animals. Investigation of possible epigenetic programming mechanisms by alcohol revealed neonatal alcohol decreased several repressive regulators of transcription in hypothalamic microglia, while concomitantly increasing histone H3 acetyl lysine 9 (H3K9ac) enrichment at TNF-α and IL-6 promoter regions. Importantly, adult hypothalamic microglia from AF animals showed enduring increases in H3K9ac enrichment of TNF-α and IL-6 promoters both at baseline and after LPS exposure, suggesting a possible epigenetic mechanism for the long-term immune disruption due to hypothalamic microglial priming.

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  • The relationship between epigenetic modifications and gene expression may not manifest as steady-state increases or reductions in transcript and may only be detected in specific conditions, such as after stress exposure.

    “such a relationship may not manifest as steady-state increases/reductions in transcript and may only be detected in specific conditions, such as after stress exposure.”
  • Neonatal alcohol exposure increased histone acetylation at Tnfa and Il6 promoters in hypothalamic microglia in adult rats at baseline and post-LPS challenge, but increased transcript abundance of microglial mRNA of these genes only occurred in the post-LPS condition and not at baseline.

    “neonatal alcohol exposure was found to increase histone acetylation at Tnfa and Il6 promoters in hypothalamic microglia in adult rats at baseline and post-LPS challenge, however increased transcript abundance of microglial mRNA of these genes only occurred in the post-LPS condition and not at baseline [130].”
  • Neonatal alcohol exposure increases acetylation of histone H3K9 at the promoter regions of Tnfa and Il6 in microglia isolated from the medial hypothalamus of PND6 and adult rats.

    “In microglia isolated from the medial hypothalamus of PND6 and adult rats (sexes combined), neonatal alcohol exposure was found to increase acetylation of histone H3K9 at the promoter regions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) and interleukin (Il)6 in baseline conditions and 2 h post-LPS challenge [130].”

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Authors
Chastain, L. G., Franklin, T., Gangisetty, O., Cabrera, M. A., Mukherjee, S., Shrivastava, P., Jabbar, S., & Sarkar, D. K.
Affiliations
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Sarkar, Dipak K.
Venue
Neuropsychopharmacology
Published
2019-01-30
Volume
44
Issue
9
Pages
1579-1588
ISSN
  • 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-634X
OpenAlex
W2913062637
Cited by
72
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4
FWCI
3.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R37AA08757, NIAAA F32AA023434, NIAAAR37AA08757-12-14S1, NIAAAR37AA08757-19-22S1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
neonatal alcohol exposure, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, microglial activation, neuroimmune response, immune stress, lipopolysaccharide challenge, stress hormone response, TNF-α, interleukin-6, histone H3K9 acetylation, epigenetic programming, minocycline, developmental alcohol exposure
MeSH terms
Ethanol, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Central Nervous System Depressants, Hypothalamus, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharides, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression, Microglia, Histone Code, Epigenesis, Genetic, Rats

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