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Frequency and profile of objective cognitive deficits in hospitalized patients recovering from COVID-19
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Abstract
Early reports and case series suggest cognitive deficits occurs in some patients with COVID-19. We evaluated the frequency, severity, and profile of cognitive dysfunction in patients recovering from prolonged COVID-19 hospitalization who required acute inpatient rehabilitation prior to discharge. We analyzed cross-sectional scores from the Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) in a cohort of N = 57 COVID-19 patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation, calculating the frequency of impairment based on neuropsychologist diagnosis and by age-normed BMET subtests. In total, 43 patients (75%) were male, 35 (61%) were non-white, and mean age was 64.5 (SD = 13.9) years. In total, 48 (84%) were previously living at home independently. Two patients had documented preexisting cognitive dysfunction; none had known dementia. Patients were evaluated at a mean of 43.2 (SD = 19.2) days after initial admission. In total, 50 patients (88%) had documented hypoxemic respiratory failure and 44 (77%) required intubation. Forty-six patients (81%) had cognitive impairment, ranging from mild to severe. Deficits were common in working memory (26/47 [55%] of patients), set-shifting (21/44 [47%]), divided attention (18/39 [46%]), and processing speed (14/35 [40%]). Executive dysfunction was not significantly associated with intubation length or the time from extubation to assessment, psychiatric diagnosis, or preexisting cardiovascular/metabolic disease. Attention and executive functions are frequently impaired in COVID-19 patients who require acute rehabilitation prior to discharge. Though interpretation is limited by lack of a comparator group, these results provide an early benchmark for identifying and characterizing cognitive difficulties after COVID-19. Given the frequency and pattern of impairment, easy-to-disseminate interventions that target attention and executive dysfunctions may be beneficial to this population.
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“A recent article showed changes in working memory, set-shifting, divided attention, and processing speed in a cohort of 57 patients recovering from moderate/severe patients with COVID-19”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
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“not being associated with intubation length, psychiatric and clinical diagnosis [142].”
From Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19 (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jaywant, A., Vanderlind, W. M., Alexopoulos, G. S., Fridman, C. B., Perlis, R. H., & Gunning, F. M.
- Affiliations
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gunning, Faith M.
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2021-02-15
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2235-2240
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC7884062
- OpenAlex
- W3132403899
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 34
- FWCI
- 25.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, post-COVID cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment, inpatient rehabilitation, executive dysfunction, attention deficits, working memory, set-shifting, divided attention, processing speed, hypoxemic respiratory failure, intubation, hospitalized patients
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognitive Dysfunction
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