Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 596

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity

Open access
Li, Yunfei, Schubert, Sebastian, Kropp, Jürgen P., Rybski, Diego·2020·Nature Communications
DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-16461-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The canopy layer urban heat island (UHI) effect, as manifested by elevated near-surface air temperatures in urban areas, exposes urban dwellers to additional heat stress in many cities, specially during heat waves. We simulate the urban climate of various generated cities under the same weather conditions. For mono-centric cities, we propose a linear combination of logarithmic city area and logarithmic gross building volume, which also captures the influence of building density. By studying various city shapes, we generalise and propose a reduced form to estimate UHI intensities based only on the structure of urban sites, as well as their relative distances. We conclude that in addition to the size, the UHI intensity of a city is directly related to the density and an amplifying effect that urban sites have on each other. Our approach can serve as a UHI rule of thumb for the comparison of urban development scenarios.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41467-020-16461-9

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 9 references

Research works printed but not linked: 58

  1. Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A. & Voogt, J. A. Urban Climates (Cambridge University Press, 2017). · DOI · Paper page
  2. Chapman, S., Watson, J. E. M., Salazar, A., Thatcher, M. & McAlpine, C. A. The impact of urbanization and climate change on urban temperatures: a systematic review. Landsc. Ecol. 32, 1921–1935 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
  3. Oke, T. R. Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model and field observations. J. Clim. 1, 237–254 (1981). · DOI · Paper page
  4. Grimm, N. B. et al. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319, 756–760 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
  5. Eliasson, I. The use of climate knowledge in urban planning. Landsc. Urban Plan. 48, 31–44 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  6. Cao, Q., Yu, D., Georgescu, M., Wu, J. & Wang, W. Impacts of future urban expansion on summer climate and heat-related human health in eastern china. Environ. Int. 112, 134–146 (2018). · DOI
  7. Zhao, L. et al. Interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 034003 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  8. Habeeb, D., Vargo, J. & Stone, B. Rising heat wave trends in large us cities. Nat. Hazards 76, 1651–1665 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  9. Gabriel, K. M. & Endlicher, W. R. Urban and rural mortality rates during heat waves in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany. Environ. Pollut. 159, 2044–2050 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  10. Schatz, J. & Kucharik, C. J. Urban climate effects on extreme temperatures in madison, wisconsin, usa. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 094024 (2015). · DOI
  11. Li, D. & Bou-Zeid, E. Synergistic interactions between urban heat islands and heat waves: the impact in cities is larger than the sum of its parts. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 52, 2051–2064 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  12. Kalnay, E. & Cai, M. Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature 423, 528 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  13. Argüeso, D., Evans, J. P., Fita, L. & Bormann, K. J. Temperature response to future urbanization and climate change. Clim. Dyn. 42, 2183–2199 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  14. Georgescu, M., Moustaoui, M., Mahalov, A. & Dudhia, J. Summer-time climate impacts of projected megapolitan expansion in Arizona. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3, 37 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  15. Krayenhoff, E. S., Moustaoui, M., Broadbent, A. M., Gupta, V. & Georgescu, M. Diurnal interaction between urban expansion, climate change and adaptation in us cities. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 1097 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  16. Estrada, F., Botzen, W. W. & Tol, R. S. A global economic assessment of city policies to reduce climate change impacts. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 403 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
  17. Grossman-Clarke, S., Schubert, S. & Fenner, D. Urban effects on temperature in germany under climate change. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 905-917 (2017). · DOI
  18. Laaidi, K. et al. The impact of heat islands on mortality in Paris during the august 2003 heat wave. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 254–259 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  19. Kalkstein, L. S. & Davis, R. E. Weather and human mortality: an evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the united states. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr. 79, 44–64 (1989). · DOI · Paper page
  20. Marciotto, E. R., Oliveira, A. P. & Hanna, S. R. Modeling study of the aspect ratio influence on urban canopy energy fluxes with a modified wall-canyon energy budget scheme. Build. Environ. 45, 2497–2505 (2010). · DOI
  21. Van Hove, L. et al. Temporal and spatial variability of urban heat island and thermal comfort within the rotterdam agglomeration. Build. Environ. 83, 91–103 (2015). · DOI · Paper page
  22. Li, H. et al. Quantifying urban heat island intensity and its physical mechanism using wrf/ucm. Sci. Total Environ. 650, 3110–3119 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  23. Schubert, S. & Grossman-Clarke, S. The influence of green areas and roof albedos on air temperatures during extreme heat events in Berlin, Germany. Meteorol. Z. 22, 131–143 (2013). · DOI
  24. Straka, M. & Sodoudi, S. Evaluating climate change adaptation strategies and scenarios of enhanced vertical and horizontal compactness at urban scale (a case study for berlin). Landsc. Urban Plan. 183, 68–78 (2019). · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.11.006
  25. Ng, E. Towards planning and practical understanding of the need for meteorological and climatic information in the design of high-density cities: a case-based study of Hong Kong. Int. J. Climatol. 32, 582–598 (2012). · DOI
  26. Zhou, B., Rybski, D. & Kropp, J. P. The role of city size and urban form in the surface urban heat island. Sci. Rep. 7, 4791 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
  27. Zhou, X. & Chen, H. Impact of urbanization-related land use land cover changes and urban morphology changes on the urban heat island phenomenon. Sci. Total Environ. 635, 1467–1476 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  28. Stone, B., Hess, J. J. & Frumkin, H. Urban form and extreme heat events: are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities? Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 1425–1428 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
  29. Schubert, S., Grossman-Clarke, S. & Martilli, A. A double-canyon radiation scheme for multi-layer urban canopy models. Bound. Layer. Meteor. 145, 439–468 (2012). · doi:10.1007/s10546-012-9728-3
  30. Zhou, B., Rybski, D. & Kropp, J. P. On the statistics of urban heat island intensity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5486–5491 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  31. Oke, T. R. Towards better scientific communication in urban climate. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 84, 179–190 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
  32. Stewart, I. & Oke, T. R. Methodological concerns surrounding the classification of urban and rural climate stations to define urban heat island magnitude. In Proc. of the Preparation 6th International Conference Urban Climate, 431–444 (International Association for Urban Climate, Goteborg, Sweden, 2006).
  33. Li, Y., Rybski, D. & Kropp, J. P. Singularity cities. Environ. Plan. B https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808319843534 (2019). · DOI
  34. Rybski, D., Ros, A. G. C. & Kropp, J. P. Distance weighted city growth. Phys. Rev. E 87, 042114 (2013). · DOI
  35. Oke, T. R. R. City size and the urban heat island. Atmos. Environ. 7, 769–779 (1973). · DOI · Paper page
  36. Li, X., Zhou, Y., Asrar, G. R., Imhoff, M. & Li, X. The surface urban heat island response to urban expansion: a panel analysis for the conterminous united states. Sci. Total Environ. 605, 426–435 (2017). · DOI · Paper page
  37. Manoli, G. et al. Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population. Nature 573, 55–60 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  38. Runnalls, K. & Oke, T. Dynamics and controls of the near-surface heat island of vancouver, british columbia. Phys. Geogr. 21, 283–304 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
  39. Batty, M. & Longley, P. Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function (Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA and London, 1994).
  40. Witten Jr., T. A. & Sander, L. M. Diffusion-limited aggregation, a kinetic critical phenomenon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1400–1403 (1981). · DOI · Paper page
  41. Fotheringham, A. S., Batty, M. & Longley, P. A. Diffusion-limited aggregation and the fractal nature of urban growth. Pap. Reg. Sci. Assoc. 67, 55–69 (1989). · doi:10.1007/bf01934667
  42. Ali-Toudert, F. & Mayer, H. Numerical study on the effects of aspect ratio and orientation of an urban street canyon on outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climate. Build. Environ. 41, 94–108 (2006). · DOI · Paper page
  43. Middel, A., Häb, K., Brazel, A. J., Martin, C. A. & Guhathakurta, S. Impact of urban form and design on mid-afternoon microclimate in phoenix local climate zones. Landsc. Urban Plan. 122, 16–28 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  44. Yin, C., Yuan, M., Lu, Y., Huang, Y. & Liu, Y. Effects of urban form on the urban heat island effect based on spatial regression model. Sci. Total Environ. 634, 696–704 (2018). · DOI · Paper page
  45. Batty, M., Longley, P. & Fotheringham, S. Urban growth and form: scaling, fractal geometry, and diffusion-limited aggregation. Environ. Plan. A 21, 1447–1472 (1989). · DOI · Paper page
  46. Oke, T. R. Towards a prescription for the greater use of climatic principles in settlement planning. Energy Build. 7, 1–10 (1984). · DOI
  47. Mills, G. Progress toward sustainable settlements: a role for urban climatology. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 84, 69–76 (2006). · DOI
  48. Mills, G. et al. Climate information for improved planning and management of mega cities (needs perspective). Procedia Environ. Sci. 1, 228–246 (2010). · DOI
  49. Bohnenstengel, S., Hamilton, I., Davies, M. & Belcher, S. Impact of anthropogenic heat emissions on london’s temperatures. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140, 687–698 (2014). · doi:10.1002/qj.2144
  50. Shahmohamadi, P., Che-Ani, A., Maulud, K., Tawil, N. & Abdullah, N. The impact of anthropogenic heat on formation of urban heat island and energy consumption balance. Urban Stud. Res. 2011, 497524 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  51. Taha, H. Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy Build. 25, 99–103 (1997). · DOI · Paper page
  52. Li, C. et al. Interaction between urban microclimate and electric air-conditioning energy consumption during high temperature season. Appl. Energy 117, 149–156 (2014). · DOI
  53. De Munck, C. et al. How much can air conditioning increase air temperatures for a city like Paris, France? Int. J. Climatol. 33, 210–227 (2013). · DOI · Paper page
  54. Steppeler, J. et al. Meso-gamma scale forecasts using the nonhydrostatic model lm. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 82, 75–96 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
  55. Schubert, S. & Grossman-Clarke, S. Evaluation of the coupled COSMO-CLM/DCEP model with observations from BUBBLE. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 140, 2465–2483 (2014). · doi:10.1002/qj.2311
  56. Martilli, A., Clappier, A. & Rotach, M. W. An urban surface exchange parameterisation for mesoscale models. Bound. Layer. Meteor. 104, 261–304 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
  57. Stewart, I. D. & Oke, T. R. Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 1879–1900 (2012). · DOI · Paper page
  58. Rozenfeld, H. D. et al. Laws of population growth. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18702–18707 (2008). · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 596

Metadata

Authors
Li, Y., Schubert, S., Kropp, J. P., & Rybski, D.
Venue
Nature Communications
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-05-27
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
2647-2647
ISSN
2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41467-020-16461-9
OpenAlex
W3032862896
Cited by
596
References
9
FWCI
18.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/s41467-020-16461-9
The paper
Li, Y., Schubert, S., Kropp, J. P., & Rybski, D. (2020). On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16461-9

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.