Shadow enhanced self-charging power system for wave and solar energy harvesting from the ocean
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Hybrid energy-harvesting systems that capture both wave and solar energy from the oceans using triboelectric nanogenerators and photovoltaic cells are promising renewable energy solutions. However, ubiquitous shadows cast from moving objects in these systems are undesirable as they degrade the performance of the photovoltaic cells. Here we report a shadow-tribo-effect nanogenerator that hybrids tribo-effect and shadow-effect together to overcome this issue. Several fiber-supercapacitors are integrated with the shadow-tribo-effect nanogenerator to form a self-charging power system. To capture and store wave/solar energy from oceans, an energy ball based on the self-charging power system is demonstrated. By harnessing the shadow-effect, i.e. the shadow of the moving object in the energy ball, the charging time shortens to 253.3 s to charge the fiber-supercapacitors to the same voltage (0.3 V) as using pure tribo-effect. This cost-effective method to harvest and store the wave/solar energy from the oceans in this work is expected to inspire next-generation large-scale blue energy harvesting.
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The S-TENG output performance varies with the shadow ratio caused by the Al ball, with optimal performance at a 50% half-shadow condition.
“The S-TENG output performance varies with the shadow ratio caused by the Al ball, with optimal performance at a 50% half-shadow condition, providing the maximum surface area for electron generation and collection.”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [254]
In Results, ‘Characteristics of the shadow-effect’ (page unavailable), the paper reports that the Au/n-Si system performed best at a 50% shadow-area ratio and that half-shadowing optimized the area for electron generation and collection. The ratio was tested using black paper, not an aluminum ball. ‘Application of the energy ball’ identifies an aluminum ball as the S-TENG’s shadow-casting object, but does not establish that 50% shadowing by that ball gives optimal S-TENG output. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZhang et al. introduced a hybrid energy harvesting system that captures wave and solar energy from the ocean using triboelectric nanogenerators and photovoltaic cells, estimating its energy harvesting capabilities based on actual ocean variations.
“Zhang et al. [254] introduced a hybrid energy harvesting system that captures wave and solar energy from the ocean using triboelectric nanogenerators and photovoltaic cells.”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [254]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFour energy balls connected in series charged the fiber-supercapacitors to 1.3 V and then discharged the electrical energy to split seawater.
“After four energy balls in series charged the F-SCs to 1.3 V, they discharged the electrical energy to split seawater (Figure 10p).”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [254]
Under dark conditions the S-TENG generates a typical tribo-induced AC signal of 0.01 μA cm−2, while under an illumination intensity of 90 mW cm−2 it generates a significantly increased DC signal of 34 μA cm−2.
“Under dark conditions, the S-TENG generates a typical tribo-induced AC signal of 0.01 μA cm -2 , while under an illumination intensity of 90 mW cm -2 , a significantly increased DC signal of 34 μA cm -2 is generated.”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [254]
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- Authors
- Zhang, Q., Liang, Q., Nandakumar, D. K., Qu, H., Shi, Q., Alzakia, F. I., Tay, D. J. J., Yang, L., Zhang, X., Suresh, L., Lee, C., Wee, A. T. S., & Tan, S. C.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tan, Swee Ching
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2021-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 616-616
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7841174
- OpenAlex
- W3122400851
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education - Singapore (R-284-000-217-112)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Wave and Wind Energy Systems
- Keywords
- triboelectric nanogenerator, solar cells, shadowing, wave energy conversion, solar energy harvesting, fiber supercapacitors, hybrid energy harvesting, salinity gradient energy
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