Kin discrimination promotes horizontal gene transfer between unrelated strains in Bacillus subtilis
Open accessAbstract
Bacillus subtilis is a soil bacterium that is competent for natural transformation. Genetically distinct B. subtilis swarms form a boundary upon encounter, resulting in killing of one of the strains. This process is mediated by a fast-evolving kin discrimination (KD) system consisting of cellular attack and defence mechanisms. Here, we show that these swarm antagonisms promote transformation-mediated horizontal gene transfer between strains of low relatedness. Gene transfer between interacting non-kin strains is largely unidirectional, from killed cells of the donor strain to surviving cells of the recipient strain. It is associated with activation of a stress response mediated by sigma factor SigW in the donor cells, and induction of competence in the recipient strain. More closely related strains, which in theory would experience more efficient recombination due to increased sequence homology, do not upregulate transformation upon encounter. This result indicates that social interactions can override mechanistic barriers to horizontal gene transfer. We hypothesize that KD-mediated competence in response to the encounter of distinct neighbouring strains could maximize the probability of efficient incorporation of novel alleles and genes that have proved to function in a genomically and ecologically similar context.
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Bacillus HGT can also occur via other mechanisms, including transformation-mediated processes.
“Indeed, Bacillus HGT can also occur via other mechanisms, including transformation-mediated processes [96, 104, 105].”
From Profiling the resistome and virulome of Bacillus strains used for probiotic-based sanitation: a multicenter WGS analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Stefanic, P., Belcijan, K., Kraigher, B., Kostanjšek, R., Nesme, J., Madsen, J. S., Kovac, J., Sørensen, S. J., Vos, M., & Mandic-Mulec, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2021-06-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3457-3457
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8187645
- OpenAlex
- W3169533949
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (US/18-19-091, J4-8228, J4-9302, J4-7637)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- kin discrimination, horizontal gene transfer, Bacillus subtilis, natural transformation, competence, stress response, social interaction, strain relatedness
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Bacillus subtilis, Cell Membrane, DNA, Bacterial, Mutation, Nucleotides, Recombination, Genetic, Stress, Physiological, Transformation, Genetic, Up-Regulation, Genome, Bacterial, Gene Transfer, Horizontal
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