A transthalamic pathway crucial for perception
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Abstract
Perception is largely supported by cortical processing that involves communication among multiple areas, typically starting with primary sensory cortex and then involving higher order cortices. This communication is served in part by transthalamic (cortico-thalamo-cortical) pathways, which ubiquitously parallel direct corticocortical pathways, but their role in sensory processing has largely remained unexplored. Here, we suggest that transthalamic processing propagates task-relevant information required for correct sensory decisions. Using optogenetics, we specifically inhibited the pathway at its synapse in higher order somatosensory thalamus of mice performing a texture-based discrimination task. We concurrently monitored the cellular effects of inhibition in primary or secondary cortex using two-photon calcium imaging. Inhibition severely impaired performance despite intact direct corticocortical projections, thus challenging the purely corticocentric map of perception. Interestingly, the inhibition did not reduce overall cell responsiveness to texture stimulation in somatosensory cortex, but rather disrupted the texture selectivity of cells, a discriminability that develops over task learning. This discriminability was more disrupted in the secondary than primary somatosensory cortex, emphasizing the feedforward influence of the transthalamic route. Transthalamic pathways may therefore act to deliver performance-relevant information to higher order cortex and are underappreciated hierarchical pathways in perceptual decision-making.
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Posterior thalamic nucleus (POm) may provide a thalamic relay for cortico-cortical information flow between S1 and S2 sensory areas and was shown recently to be indispensable in whisker-based texture discrimination tasks.
“For example, posterior thalamic nucleus (POm) may provide a thalamic relay for cortico-cortical information flow between S1 and S2 sensory areas (57) and was shown recently to be indispensable in whisker-based texture discrimination tasks (58).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
The Results section (‘Inhibition of S1 layer 5 to POm terminals impairs discrimination performance’; page unavailable) reports that inhibiting the S1-to-POm projection impaired mice’s whisker-based texture discrimination. It does not show that POm itself was indispensable: the intervention targeted one input to POm, and discrimination performance was reduced rather than shown to be abolished. The S1–POm–S2 relay clause is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCortico-fugal and cortico-thalamo-cortical organization is also mainly ipsilateral and known to form feedback control loops.
“Similarly, cortico-fugal (61, 62) and cortico-thalamo-cortical (57, 58) organization is also mainly ipsilateral and known to form feedback control loops.”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways carrying information from primary to secondary cortex through the thalamus. It calls them feedforward pathways; the passages do not establish that their organization is mainly ipsilateral or that they form feedback control loops. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur findings are consistent with the hypothesis that early sensory response (peak 2) is mostly perception-related, involving thalamo-cortico-thalamic loops, while late mostly decision-related response (peak 4) reflects reverberation of neural activity in cortico-cortical S1 to S2 loops.
“Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that “early”(20, 21) sensory response (peak 2 in our case) is mostly perception-related, involving thalamo-cortico-thalamic loops (58), while “late” mostly decision-related response (19) (peak 4 in our experiments) reflect reverberation of neural activity (26, 30) in cortico-cortical S1 to S2 loops (10, 11, 22–24).”
From Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
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Yonk, A. J., Linares-García, I., Pasternak, L., Juliani, S. E., Gradwell, M. A., George, A. J., & Margolis, D. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98563.2
A cortical code emerges in Layer5a of S1 through temporal integration of thalamic inputsPreprint
Quétu, T., Shulz, D. E., & Goldin, M. A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.11.658272
Highly correlated activity across higher-order thalamic nuclei in awake and anesthetized statesPreprint
Brouwer, T., Bassler, M., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Mototaka Suzuki, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.03.680235
Differential Myeloarchitecture of Subfields of the Mammalian Auditory Cortex: A Comparative Approach
Singh, S., & Llano, D. A. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000549931
Region- and Layer-Specific Glutamatergic Synapse Development in the Nascent Cortical Hierarchy
Discepolo, L., McAllister, J., Russell, R., Apilado, S., Margetts‐Smith, G., Franchini, D., Grant, S. G. N., O’Donnell, C., Ashby, M. C., & Anastasiades, P. G. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0293-26.2026
Metabotropic Glutamatergic Signaling Adaptively Controls Trans-thalamic CommunicationPreprint
Lai, A., & Wang, X. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.07.25.740691
Neural selection in corticothalamocortical loops: Heterogeneity as a computational resource
Munn, B., Müller, E. J., Whyte, C. J., Brouwer, T., John, Y. J., Aru, J., Mototaka Suzuki, A., Saalmann, Y. B., Larkum, M. E., & Shine, J. M. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102945
Dynamic salience as a basis for behavioural meta-malleability
Sosa, R., & Treviño, M. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.252449
- Authors
- Mo, C., McKinnon, C., & Murray Sherman, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mo, Christina
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2024-07-26
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6300-6300
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11282105
- OpenAlex
- W4401011599
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Knowledge@UChicago (University of Chicago) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Chicago (cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS094184)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- sensory perception, texture discrimination, somatosensory thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, perceptual decision making, feedforward processing, cortico-cortical pathways, optogenetic inhibition
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