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Glial responses to implanted electrodes in the brain
Open accessAbstract
The use of implants that can electrically stimulate or record electrophysiological or neurochemical activity in nervous tissue is rapidly expanding. Despite remarkable results in clinical studies and increasing market approvals, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of neuroprosthetic and neuromodulation devices, as well as their side effects and reasons for their failure, remain poorly understood. A major assumption has been that the signal-generating neurons are the only important target cells of neural-interface technologies. However, recent evidence indicates that the supporting glial cells remodel the structure and function of neuronal networks and are an effector of stimulation-based therapy. Here, we reframe the traditional view of glia as a passive barrier, and discuss their role as an active determinant of the outcomes of device implantation. We also discuss the implications that this has on the development of bioelectronic medical devices.
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“The fibrotic capsule forming around the implant not only damages and displaces the target neuronal tissue, but also forms a high-impedance layer that dampens the weak electrical signals produced by neurons and dissipates stimulating electrode currents.”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite these differences, the general principles underlying FBR and the consequences (formation of a fibrotic capsule, inflammatory damage to the surrounding tissue) still apply (Polikov et al., 2005; Salatino et al., 2017).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The fibrotic capsule forming around the implant not only damages and displaces the target neuronal tissue, but also forms a high-impedance layer that dampens the weak electrical signals produced by neurons and dissipates stimulating electrode currents.”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“FBR is currently the key culprit behind chronically-implanted neuroprosthetic implant failure (Polikov et al., 2005; Salatino et al., 2017), and poses a major hurdle to the clinical translation of new neuroprosthetic technologies.”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Flexible implants in general show improved tissue compatibility compared to stiffer equivalents, minimizing trauma and FBR arising from shear damage (Lacour et al., 2016; Salatino et al., 2017).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
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“FBR occurs in response to any material that is implanted into the body (Anderson et al., 2008; Salatino et al., 2017).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
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“Material stiffness also greatly contributes to FBR, with softer materials (closer in stiffness to that of biological tissues) generating less mechanical trauma and therefore less FBR (Lacour et al., 2016; Salatino et al., 2017).”
From Foreign Body Reaction to Implanted Biomaterials and Its Impact in Nerve Neuroprosthetics (2021) · cites this paper as Salatino et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that all biocompatible materials used so far provoke an inflammatory response and some degree of foreign body reaction [174,175].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [175]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Salatino, J. W., Ludwig, K. A., Kozai, T. D. Y., & Purcell, E. K.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Purcell, Erin K.
- Venue
- Nature Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 2017-11-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 862-877
- ISSN
- 2157-846X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6261524
- OpenAlex
- W2765960015
- Cited by
- 642
- References
- 231
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 16.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2017-12-07)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Grainger Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R03NS095202, R21NS094900, R01NS094396)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- glial cells, implanted electrodes, neuroprosthetics, neuromodulation, neural interfaces, device implantation outcomes
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