A social–ecological perspective on climate anxiety in children and adolescents
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Reported emotions related to climate change include anxiety, guilt, hopelessness, depression, anger, grief, shame or powerlessness.
“Reported emotions include anxiety, guilt, hopelessness, depression, anger, grief, shame or powerlessness. 9-11”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Climate-specific psychological responses include climate anxiety, solastalgia and ecological grief.
“Climate-specific psychological responses include climate anxiety (worry, dread and fear evoked by awareness of climate change and its impacts) or eco-anxiety, 9-11 solastalgia (feelings of distress, loss and grief arising from environmental change affecting a person's sense of connection to place) 12 and ecological grief. 13”
From Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change, rising costs of living and gender-based violence.
“Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change (Crandon et al., 2022), rising costs of living (Mission Australia, 2024) and gender-based violence (Maidment et al., 2024).”
From Will restricting the age of access to social media reduce mental illness in Australian youth? (2025) · cites this paper as Crandon et al., 2022
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“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
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“As children grow, their understanding and concern about climate change may diverge on the basis of: (1) their values or temperament (individual); (2) their parents and peers (microsystem); (3) the type of education they receive, their community or their local physical environment (mesosystem); (4) the nature of their…”
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BackgroundPredicting climate change anxiety
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“At the same time, messaging regarding adaptation may also have a negative impact on consumers who were previously focused on mitigation efforts, reducing their sense of self-efficacy or even creating paralyzing levels of fear and climate anxiety that prevent action (Crandon et al., 2022).”
The climate change research that makes the front page: Is it fit to engage societal action?
Perga, M., Sarrasin, O., Steinberger, J. K., Lane, S. N., & Butera, F. (2023) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102675 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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A theoretical model of climate anxiety and coping
Crandon, T., Scott, J. G., Charlson, F., & Thomas, H. J. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00212-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…conceptualized within a social-ecological framework, which illustrates how various nested contextual ‘systems’ within which an individual is embedded (e.g., family, peers, work or school, community, culture, the government) may shape whether and how that person experiences climate anxiety [86].”
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Eco-anxiety and climate-anxiety linked to indirect exposure: A scoping review of empirical research
Jarrett, J. A., Gauthier, S., Baden, D. A., Ainsworth, B., & Dorey, L. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102326 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…of climate change on mental health (Aylward, Cunsolo, Vriezen, & Harper, 2022; Walinski et al., 2023), and reviewing the disproportionate impacts on children and young people (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; L ´ eger-Goodes et al., 2022; Ma, Moore, & Cleary, 2022; Ramadan et al., 2023).”
Teo, S. M., Gao, C. X., Brennan, N., Fava, N., Simmons, M. B., Baker, D., Zbukvic, I., Rickwood, D., Brown, E., Smith, C. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102209 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Vamvalis, M. (2023) · Research in Education · doi:10.1177/00345237231160090 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Nurturing well-being in the climate crisis involves attention to how meaning, purpose and hope are cultivated and sustained in young people (Crandon et al., 2022; Dupler, 2015; Kelsey, 2020; Li and Monroe, 2019; Ojala, 2016, 2017; Pihkala, 2017; Stevenson and Peterson, 2016).”
BackgroundEco-Anxiety and Pastoral Care: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Suggestions
Pihkala, P. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13030192 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Eco-anxiety is related to numerous phenomena and factors because it is connected with reacting to the ecological crisis and all the related social complexity (Crandon et al. 2022).”
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“…of helplessness, despair, and anxious passivity (i.e., being incapable of responding to the problem in a productive capacity; Taylor, 2020), panic attacks, insomnia, obsessive thinking (Wu et al., 2020), restlessness, and sleep disturbance (Clayton and Karazsia, 2020; Crandon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundComplex dynamics of climate emotions among environmentally active Finnish and American young people
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“People’s climate emotions and their attitudes toward emotions are shaped by personal opinion and experience, cultural norms, and various social and ecological factors (e.g., Norgaard, 2011; Crandon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundImplementing climate literacy in schools — what to teach our teachers?
Leve, A.-K., Michel, H., & Harms, U. (2023) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03607-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“However, teachers need to be enabled to guide students towards action competence and agency (Crandon et al. 2022) of which appropriate career choices could be part of, and instruction should include occasions for the reflection and discussion of values and worldviews (Libarkin et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialTesting an integrated model of climate change anxiety
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“In itself, eco-anxiety is ‘a rational response to a real, major and global threat’ and thus not pathological (Crandon et al. 2022, 123; Hurley, Dalglish, and Sacks 2022).”
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Psychological impacts of climate change on US youth
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“To advance the field, there are calls to take a systems perspective to explore the relationships between young people’s experiences of the climate crisis and multiple outcomes of interest, including their mental health, psychological adaptation, and coping ( 28 ).”
The role of mental health professionals in the climate crisis: an urgent call to action
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“…such direct consequences, awareness and concern about the climate crisis has been associated with increased stress and poorer mental health (Hickman et al., 2021; Ogunbode, 2022; Ogunbode et al., 2021), and results in a spectrum of responses including climate anxiety (Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“[45] also proposed in their “socio-ecological framework of climate anxiety in children and adolescents” to take into account the impact of the media in the assessment of climate anxiety.”
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Climate Change and Mental Health
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“How efficacy beliefs and climate anxiety are related to each other, and how simultaneously considering anxiety and efficacy constructs impacts pro-environmental intentions remain to be examined, since research on the topic has produced mixed results so far [9,12].”
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“…accurate understanding of climate change has also been shown to be necessary to develop agency and empowerment and that without a clear understanding of issues related to climate change ‘misconceptions may fuel climate anxiety through increased uncertainty and confusion’ (Crandon et al. 2022, 27).”
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“…is based on the argument that climate change anxiety could be classified as a rational response to a global environmental threat and that the role of the media is to mediate representations of realities in a way that resonates with public consciousness (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocio-ecological impacts of extreme weather events in two informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
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“More recently, ecological systems theory has been used to understand multi-system influences contributing to global health and mental health inequities and the impacts of climate change on the global economy and health (27).”
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Understanding and managing psychological distress due to climate change
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“Adopting a social-ecological perspective, these authors highlight the need to consider factors at various levels: individual (e.g., age, gender, anxiety, school connectedness), family (e.g., family affluence), and school (e.g., public vs. private, rural vs. urban) [1].”
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“This type of community-building pedagogic approach has been identi fi ed as helping young people develop skills needed to shape behaviours but also mitigate the impacts of climate anxiety (Bingley et al., 2022; Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“Additional drivers of declining youth mental health include climate change (Crandon et al., 2022), rising costs of living (Mission Australia, 2024) and gender-based violence (Maidment et al., 2024).”
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“A reference group that is particularly important to adolescents and young adults is a person or group of people who significantly influence another person’s behavior (Bearden & Etzel, 1982; Crandon et al., 2022).”
BackgroundEcological Grief, Religious Coping, and Spiritual Crises: Exploring Eco-Spiritual Grief
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“Scholars also note that with regards to climate change, excessive focus on solely negative narratives has been associated with detrimental effects on mental health, feelings of helplessness, and news avoidance (Betakova et al., 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Reuters Institute, 2022).”
Nature Relatedness May Play a Protective Role and Contribute to Eco-Distress
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“Eco-distress is experienced by people across the lifespan, gender, and socioeconomic status, with women, children, and disadvantaged populations reporting higher levels of eco-distress (Clayton & Kar-azsia, 2020; Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; Ekholm, 2020; Searle & Gow, 2010).”
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“More broadly, climate change has also been associated with climate anxiety in youth which could have implications for depression, self-harm and suicide (Crandon, Scott, Charlson, & Thomas, 2022; Sanson, Van Hoorn, & Burke, 2019; Scribberas & Fernando, 2022).”
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“Because of their physical vulnerability, youth will also experience more extreme effects on their health (including birth complications) and deaths due to disasters hitting their physical environment, especially in the global South [2].”
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“Unsurprisingly then, young people worldwide express serious concerns about climate change (Hickman et al., 2021), which might further be fueled by increased exposure to environmental crises and updates via the news and social media (e.g., Crandon et al., 2022).”
The politics of eco-anxiety: Anthropocene dread from depoliticisation to repoliticisation
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“According to psychologists who have studied eco-anxiety, symptoms include insomnia, panic attacks, obsessive thinking, depressive episodes, loss of appetite and self-harm (Brophy et al., 2023; Crandon et al., 2022; Hickman, 2020; Wray, 2022).”
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“Awareness of natural degradation and the predicted impacts of climate change decreases mental well-being and increases the incidence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and pre-traumatic stress [4,5].”
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“Our findings can guide climate-informed programmes that consider the interplay of social-ecological factors (Bernhardt & Amiri, 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Krieger, 2001; Mcleroy & Bibeau, 1988), such as hazardous environments at ecologic (e.g. EWE), socio-political (e.g. insufficient funding for…”
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“Participants may have followed the gami fi ed nudges to achieve the goals related to the ELDS so to have more sustainable diets [51].”
BackgroundAdolescent mental distress in the wake of climate disasters
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“There has been very limited qualitative research that has examined how children interpret and apply the information that they see and hear about climate risks and responsibilities (Crandon et al ., 2022).”
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“Although climate change concerns are growing, with some consumers even facing climate anxiety (Crandon et al. 2022), there are still many consumers who are not concerned about climate change and thus not motivated to engage in climate change mitigation behaviors.”
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Learning collective care to support young climate justice advocates
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“…climate activists (Godden et al. 2021, p. 1762) Emerging literature suggests that multi-layered support systems are necessary for young people to build their collective efficacy (Crandon et al. 2022) and transform feelings of climate distress into transformative collective action (Verlie 2021).”
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“…with increased distress in some studies, although results are correlational and may depend on the definitions of political activity and types of engagement 65 This burden lies primarily in the domain of lowered wellbeing, with potential overlap with mental disorders at the margins 102,103 .”
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“This aligns with fi ndings by Crandon et al. (2022), which show that fi nancial strain can also weaken youth ’ s social connections at school [38].”
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“Climate distress is experienced within enveloping layers of social, political, and ecological realities, whose influence ripples inward to the individual (Crandon et al., 2022).”
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“Climate change is increasingly changing the way in which children access natural environments, with growing concerns for children’s health, social, emotional and physical development due to climate anxiety (Crandon et al., 2022).”
‘I am really scared for the future’: climate distress among Brazilian youth
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“Below, we present our findings at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of influence based on Crandon et al.’s framework (Crandon et al. 2022).”
InfluentialHow Western Buddhist climate activists negotiate climate emotions
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“In contexts of poverty, armed conflict, and environmental hazards, resilience allows children to cope and recover (crandon et al., 2022).”
Rodríguez, A. D., Apprich, F., Friehs, M. A., van der Graaf, S., & Steinrücke, J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104925 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The threat of negative consequences to the world due to climate change is fuel for increasing the number of people affected by depression and anxiety worldwide (for reviews, see, for example, Gago et al., 2024; Crandon et al., 2022; Ojala et al., 2021).”
- Authors
- Crandon, T. J., Scott, J. G., Charlson, F. J., & Thomas, H. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Crandon, Tara J.
- Venue
- Nature Climate Change
- Published
- 2022-01-13
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-131
- ISSN
- 1758-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1758-6798
- OpenAlex
- W4206205163
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 86.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Locations
- Nature Climate Change (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- T.C. is supported by the Child and Youth Mental Health Research Group PhD scholarship at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute.
- H.T. is supported by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which is funded by the Queensland Department of Health.
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- climate anxiety, children, adolescents, socio-ecological framework, climate change vulnerability, protective factors, family influence, peer influence, school-community relations, media influence, cultural factors, youth mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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