Cited by 186Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsProtist diversity and phylogenyPlant Diversity and Evolution

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte

Open access

Tang, Qing, Pang, Ke, Yuan, Xunlai, Xiao, Shuhai·2020·Nature Ecology & Evolution

DOI 10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9PMC PMC8668152

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Chlorophytes (representing a clade within the Viridiplantae and a sister group of the Streptophyta) probably dominated marine export bioproductivity and played a key role in facilitating ecosystem complexity before the Mesozoic diversification of phototrophic eukaryotes such as diatoms, coccolithophorans and dinoflagellates. Molecular clock and biomarker data indicate that chlorophytes diverged in the Mesoproterozoic or early Neoproterozoic, followed by their subsequent phylogenetic diversification, multicellular evolution and ecological expansion in the late Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic. This model, however, has not been rigorously tested with palaeontological data because of the scarcity of Proterozoic chlorophyte fossils. Here we report abundant millimetre-sized, multicellular and morphologically differentiated macrofossils from rocks approximately 1,000 million years ago. These fossils are described as Proterocladus antiquus new species and are interpreted as benthic siphonocladalean chlorophytes, suggesting that chlorophytes acquired macroscopic size, multicellularity and cellular differentiation nearly a billion years ago, much earlier than previously thought.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton
Falkowski, P. G., Katz, M. E., Knoll, A. H., Quigg, A., Raven, J. A., Schofield, O., & Taylor, F. J. R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1095964 · Cited by 1,613
Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae
Leliaert, F., Smith, D. R., Moreau, H., Herron, M. D., Verbruggen, H., Delwiche, C. F., & Clerck, O. D. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 · Cited by 948
The timescale of early land plant evolution
Morris, J. L., Puttick, M. N., Clark, J., Edwards, D., Kenrick, P., Pressel, S., Wellman, C. H., Yang, Z., Schneider, H., & Donoghue, P. C. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719588115 · Cited by 926
Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks
Parfrey, L. W., Lahr, D. J. G., Knoll, A. H., & Katz, L. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108 · Cited by 899
The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals
Brocks, J. J., Jarrett, A. J. M., Sirantoine, E., Hallmann, C., Hoshino, Y., & Liyanage, T. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23457 · Cited by 574
The Number, Speed, and Impact of Plastid Endosymbioses in Eukaryotic Evolution
Keeling, P. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120144 · Cited by 498
Integrated genomic and fossil evidence illuminates life’s early evolution and eukaryote origin
Betts, H. C., Puttick, M. N., Clark, J. W., Williams, T. A., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Pisani, D. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0644-x · Cited by 437
Morphologie und Biologie der Algen
Oltmanns, F. (1922) · Fischer eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.44469 · Cited by 395
Paleobiological Perspectives on Early Eukaryotic Evolution
Knoll, A. H. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016121 · Cited by 394
Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges
Marshall, C. R. (1990) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300009672 · Cited by 349
Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats
Sánchez‐Baracaldo, P., Raven, J. A., Pisani, D., & Knoll, A. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114 · Cited by 332
Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen
Butterfield, N. J. F., Knoll, A. H., & Swett, K. (1994) · Lethaia · doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01558.x · Cited by 316
A shale-hosted Cr isotope record of low atmospheric oxygen during the Proterozoic
Cole, D. B., Reinhard, C. T., Wang, X., Gueguen, B., Halverson, G. P., Gibson, T., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., McKenzie, N. R., Lyons, T. W., & Planavsky, N. J. (2016) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g37787.1 · Cited by 296
Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae
Bengtson, S., Sallstedt, T., Belivanova, V., & Whitehouse, M. (2017) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735 · Cited by 284
Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen
Butterfield, N. J. F., Knoll, A. H., & Swett, K. (1994) · Fossils and strata · doi:10.18261/8200376494-1994-01 · Cited by 283
The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans
KNOLL, A. H., SUMMONS, R. E., WALDBAUER, J. R., & ZUMBERGE, J. E. (2007) · Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea · doi:10.1016/b978-012370518-1/50009-6 · Cited by 249
18. A. Pascher: Über Flagellaten und Algen
(1914) · Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1914.tb07573.x · Cited by 229
Early evolution of the Eukaryota
Butterfield, N. J. F. (2014) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12139 · Cited by 225
Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis
Gibson, T. M., Shih, P. M., Cumming, V. M., Fischer, W. W., Crockford, P. W., Hodgskiss, M. S. W., Wörndle, S., Creaser, R. A., Rainbird, R. H., Skulski, T. M., et al. (2018) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g39829.1 · Cited by 217
A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record
Berney, C., & Pawlowski, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 · Cited by 212
The origins of multicellular organisms
Niklas, K. J., & Newman, S. A. (2013) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1111/ede.12013 · Cited by 195
Systematics of the Green Algae.
Graham, L. E., Irvine, D. E. G., & John, D. M. (1986) · Systematic Botany · doi:10.2307/2418940 · Cited by 185
Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada
Loron, C., François, C., Rainbird, R., Turner, E., Borensztajn, S., & Javaux, E. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 · Cited by 182
Nuclear and Genome Dynamics in Multinucleate Ascomycete Fungi
Roper, M. L., Ellison, C., Taylor, J. W., & Glass, N. L. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.042 · Cited by 180
A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the siphonous green algae
Verbruggen, H., Ashworth, M. P., LoDuca, S. T., Vlaeminck, C., Cocquyt, E., Sauvage, T., Zechman, F. W., Littler, D. S., Littler, M. M., & Leliaert, F. (2008) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.018 · Cited by 177
Actualistic taphonomy of cyanobacteria; implications for the Precambrian fossil record
Bartley, J. K. (1996) · Palaios · doi:10.2307/3515192 · Cited by 177
Green Algae and the Origins of Multicellularity in the Plant KingdomPreprint
Umen, J. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016170 · Cited by 173
The Weng'an biota and the Ediacaran radiation of multicellular eukaryotes
Xiao, S., Muscente, A. D., Chen, L., Zhou, C., Schiffbauer, J. D., Wood, A. D., Polys, N. F., & Yuan, X. (2014) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwu061 · Cited by 172
Self-citation
The terrestrial biota prior to the origin of land plants (embryophytes): a review of the evidence
Wellman, C. H., & Strother, P. K. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12172 · Cited by 155
Primary endosymbiosis events date to the later Proterozoic with cross-calibrated phylogenetic dating of duplicated ATPase proteins
Shih, P. M., & Matzke, N. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1305813110 · Cited by 151
Evolution and Cytological Diversification of the Green Seaweeds (Ulvophyceae)
Cocquyt, E., Verbruggen, H., Leliaert, F., & Clerck, O. D. (2010) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msq091 · Cited by 149
Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis
Gold, D. A., Grabenstatter, J., de Mendoza, A., Riesgo, A., Ruiz-Trillo, I., & Summons, R. E. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1512614113 · Cited by 145
Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds
Cortona, A. D., Jackson, C. J., Bucchini, F., Bel, M. V., D’hondt, S., Škaloud, P., Delwiche, C. F., Knoll, A. H., Raven, J. A., Verbruggen, H., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1910060117 · Cited by 134
U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data from detrital zircons in the Neoproterozoic sandstones of northern Jiangsu and southern Liaoning Provinces, China: Implications for the Late Precambrian evolution of the southeastern North China Craton
Yang, D., Xu, W., Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Pei, F., & Wang, F. (2012) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.07.002 · Cited by 121
Proterozoic photosynthesis – a critical review
Butterfield, N. J. F. (2015) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/pala.12211 · Cited by 120
Early Neoproterozoic emplacement of the diabase sill swarms in the Liaodong Peninsula and pre-magmatic uplift of the southeastern North China Craton
Zhang, S., Zhao, Y. J., Hao, Y., & Hu, G. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.11.005 · Cited by 117
Demosponge steroid biomarker 26-methylstigmastane provides evidence for Neoproterozoic animals
Zumberge, J. A., Love, G. D., Cárdenas, P., Sperling, E. A., Gunasekera, S., Rohrssen, M., Grosjean, E., Grotzinger, J. P., & Summons, R. E. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0676-2 · Cited by 114
Proterozoic phytoplankton and timing of Chlorophyte algae origins
Moczydłowska, M., Landing, E., Zang, W., & Palacios, T. (2011) · Palaeontology · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01054.x · Cited by 110
New geochronologic and paleomagnetic results from early Neoproterozoic mafic sills and late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic successions in the eastern North China Craton, and implications for the reconstruction of Rodinia
Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Ding, J., Chang, L., Ren, Q., Li, H., Yang, T., & Wu, H. (2019) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b35198.1 · Cited by 109
1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins establish a marine ecosystem dominated by bacterial primary producers
Gueneli, N., Mckenna, A. M., Ohkouchi, N., Boreham, C. J., Beghin, J., Javaux, E., & Brocks, J. J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803866115 · Cited by 109
Morphologie und biologie der algen
Oltmanns, F. (1904) · G. Fischer eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1660 · Cited by 108
Revised Neoproterozoic and Terreneuvian stratigraphy of the Lena-Anabar Basin and north-western slope of the Olenek Uplift, Siberian Platform
Nagovitsin, K. E., Rogov, V. I., Marusin, V. V., Karlova, G. A., Kolesnikov, A. V., Bykova, N., & Grazhdankin, D. V. (2015) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2015.09.012 · Cited by 106
New phylogenetic hypotheses for the core Chlorophyta based on chloroplast sequence data
Fučíková, K., Leliaert, F., Cooper, E. D., Kaloud, P. Ĺ., D’hondt, S., Clerck, O. D., Gurgel, C. F. D., Lewis, L. A., Lewis, P. O., Lopez-Bautista, J. M., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00063 · Cited by 105
Organic-walled microfossils from the early Neoproterozoic Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region of North China and their biostratigraphic significance
Tang, Q., Pang, K., Xiao, S., Yuan, X., Ou, Z., & Wan, B. (2013) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.07.019 · Cited by 103
Self-citation
Plastid phylogenomics with broad taxon sampling further elucidates the distinct evolutionary origins and timing of secondary green plastids
Jackson, C., Knoll, A. H., Chan, C. X., & Verbruggen, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18805-w · Cited by 99
Biosynthesis of monodisperse gold nanoparticles by green alga Rhizoclonium and associated biochemical changes
Parial, D., & Pal, R. (2014) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0355-x · Cited by 96
Oxygen, animals and aquatic bioturbation: An updated account
Butterfield, N. J. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12267 · Cited by 89
Cryogenian evolution of stigmasteroid biosynthesis
Hoshino, Y., Stroeva, A. R., Meredith, W., Snape, C. E., Poshibaev, V. V., Versteegh, G. J. M., Kuznetsov, N. B., Leider, A., van Maldegem, L. M., Neumann, M., et al. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700887 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Free and kerogen‐bound biomarkers from late Tonian sedimentary rocks record abundant eukaryotes in mid‐Neoproterozoic marine communities
Zumberge, J. A., Rocher, D., & Love, G. D. (2020) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12378 · Cited by 73
Filamentous Cyanobacteria
Komárek, J., & Johansen, J. R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385876-4.00004-9 · Cited by 72
Divergence times in demosponges (Porifera): first insights from new mitogenomes and the inclusion of fossils in a birth-death clock model
Schuster, A., Vargas, S., Knapp, I. S. S., Pomponi, S. A., Toonen, R. J., Erpenbeck, D., & Wörheide, G. (2018) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1230-1 · Cited by 70
After the boring billion and before the freezing millions: evolutionary patterns and innovations in the Tonian Period
Xiao, S., & Tang, Q. (2018) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20170165 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Primary Productivity of Marine Ecosystems
Bunt, J. S. (1975) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80913-2_8 · Cited by 59
Evolution of the Chlorophyta: Insights from chloroplast phylogenomic analyses
Fang, L., Leliaert, F., Zhang, Z., Penny, D., & Zhong, B. (2017) · Journal of Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1111/jse.12248 · Cited by 59
Ontogenetic diversity of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and related species
Willetts, H. J., & Wong, A. (1971) · Transactions of the British Mycological Society · doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80066-9 · Cited by 39
Morphogenesis in the red alga, Griffithsia pacifica: Regeneration from single cells
Duffield, E. C. S., Waaland, S. D., & Cleland, R. E. (1972) · Planta · doi:10.1007/bf00385390 · Cited by 35
A revision ofCladophoropsisBørgesen (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)
Leliaert, F., & Coppejans, E. (2006) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/06-07.1 · Cited by 34
Rhizoclonium ramosum sp. nov. (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta), a new freshwater algal species from China
Zhao, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, G., & Hu, Z. (2016) · Fottea · doi:10.5507/fot.2015.024 · Cited by 18
A further study of Zosterophyllum sinense Li and Cai (Zosterophyllopsida) based on the type and the new specimens from the Lower Devonian of Guangxi, southwestern China
Wang, Y., Xu, H., Wang, Y., & Fu, Q. (2018) · Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology · doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.05.008 · Cited by 18
A discovery of riphean heterotrophs in the Lakhanda group of Siberia
Hermann, T. N., & Podkovyrov, V. N. (2010) · Paleontological Journal · doi:10.1134/s0031030110040027 · Cited by 18
Molecular phylogeny and morphological diversity of inland Cladophora (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) from China
Zhu, H., Zhao, Z., Liu, X., Song, H., Liu, G., & Hu, Z. (2018) · Phycologia · doi:10.2216/16-33.1 · Cited by 16
Occurrence of true branches in Rhizoclonium (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae) and the reinstatement of Rhizoclonium pachydermum Kjellman
Zhao, Z., Zhu, H., Hu, Z., & Liu, G. (2014) · Phytotaxa · doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.166.4.3 · Cited by 16
Filamentous eukaryotic algae with a possible cladophoralean affinity from the Middle Ordovician Winneshiek Lagerstätte in Iowa, USA
Nowak, H., Harvey, T. H. P., Liu, H. P., McKay, R. M., Zippi, P., Campbell, D. H., & Servais, T. (2017) · Geobios · doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.06.005 · Cited by 11
Ecological and Morphological Profile of Floating Spherical Cladophora socialis Aggregations in Central Thailand
Tsutsui, I., Miyoshi, T., Sukchai, H., Pinphoo, P., Aue-umneoy, D., Meeanan, C., Songphatkaew, J., Klomkling, S., Yamaguchi, I., Ganmanee, M., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124997 · Cited by 11
Segregative cell division and the cytoskeleton in two species of the genus Struvea (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Okuda, K., Sekida, S., Hasebe, A., Iwabuchi, M., Kamiya, M., & Hishinuma, T. (2016) · Phycological Research · doi:10.1111/pre.12139 · Cited by 7
Digging deeper: why we need more Proterozoic algal fossils and how to get them
Graham, L. (2018) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/jpy.12790 · Cited by 3
Akinete Formation in Vaucheria geminata
Randhawa, M. S. (1942) · Botanical Gazette · doi:10.1086/335099 · Cited by 3
Untitled work
Collins, A. G. (2000) · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026
Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity
(2004) · doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Hermann, T. N. Filamentous microorganisms in the Lakhanda Formation on the Maya River. Paleontol. J. 1981, 100–107 (1981).
Fryxell, G. A. Survival Strategies of the Algae (Cambrian Univ. Press, 1983).

Sorted by citations

A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids
Strassert, J. F. H., Irisarri, I., Williams, T. A., & Burki, F. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z · Cited by 298
Cyanobacteria and biogeochemical cycles through Earth history
Sánchez-Baracaldo, P., Bianchini, G., Wilson, J. D., & Knoll, A. H. (2022) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.008 · Cited by 279
Oxygenation, Life, and the Planetary System during Earth's Middle History: An Overview
Lyons, T. W., Diamond, C. W., Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., & Li, C. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2418 · Cited by 211
“…to 1.6 Ga stem eukaryote remains (Zhu et al., 2016), and emergence of the crown group, expressed in simple multicellular red algae, is placed at *1.05 Ga (Butterfield, 2000; Gibson et al., 2018) and more recently with reports of macroscopic multicellular green algae at *1.0 Ga (Tang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
Divergent evolutionary trajectories of bryophytes and tracheophytes from a complex common ancestor of land plants
Harris, B. J., Clark, J. W., Schrempf, D., Szöllősi, G. J., Donoghue, P. C. J., Hetherington, A. M., & Williams, T. A. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01885-x · Cited by 187
Sedimentary Ce anomalies: Secular change and implications for paleoenvironmental evolution
Zhang, K., & Shields, G. (2022) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104015 · Cited by 162

See all 186

Authors: Tang, Q., Pang, K., Yuan, X., & Xiao, S.
Affiliations: Virginia Tech (US)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author: Tang, Qing
Xiao, Shuhai
ORCID: Tang, Qing
Pang, Ke
Yuan, Xunlai
Xiao, Shuhai
Venue: Nature Ecology & Evolution
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-02-24
Volume: 4
Issue: 4
Pages: 543-549
ISSN: 2397-334X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1122-9
PMC: PMC8668152
OpenAlex: W3008173880
Cited by: 186
References: 69
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 11
FWCI: 16.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Ecology & Evolution (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (41602007)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC18K1086)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant Diversity and Evolution
Keywords: Chlorophyta, evolution of multicellularity, benthic algae, cell differentiation, molecular clock, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic
MeSH terms: Fossils, Phylogeny, Diatoms, Ecosystem

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks