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Priority list of biodiversity metrics to observe from space
Abstract
Monitoring global biodiversity from space through remotely sensing geospatial patterns has high potential to add to our knowledge acquired by field observation. Although a framework of essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) is emerging for monitoring biodiversity, its poor alignment with remote sensing products hinders interpolation between field observations. This study compiles a comprehensive, prioritized list of remote sensing biodiversity products that can further improve the monitoring of geospatial biodiversity patterns, enhancing the EBV framework and its applicability. The ecosystem structure and ecosystem function EBV classes, which capture the biological effects of disturbance as well as habitat structure, are shown by an expert review process to be the most relevant, feasible, accurate and mature for direct monitoring of biodiversity from satellites. Biodiversity products that require satellite remote sensing of a finer resolution that is still under development are given lower priority (for example, for the EBV class species traits). Some EBVs are not directly measurable by remote sensing from space, specifically the EBV class genetic composition. Linking remote sensing products to EBVs will accelerate product generation, improving reporting on the state of biodiversity from local to global scales.
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![Fig. 1 Ranking and scoring approach for example remote sensing products. Tropical tree species distribution image adapted from ref. 18 under a Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0; vegetation canopy height image adapted with permission from ref. 25 , Elsevier; functional composition of temperate forest image adapted from ref. 46 under a Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0; land cover image adapted from ref. 34 under a Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0; fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation image adapted from ref. 27 , Copernicus Global Land Service (contains modified Copernicus Service information [2020]).](/paper-figures/aa918c3b09ab4a2a94983e6fd31a6f4b/priority-list-of-biodiversity-metrics-to-observe-from-space-figure-1.png)

![Fig. 3 Example prioritization of three remote sensing biodiversity products. See Table 1 for definition of the ranking factors (that is, 1 = good, 3 = poor) and Supplementary Table 2 for merged remote sensing biodiversity products list and details of the expert ranking. Biological effects of fire disturbance image reproduced from ref. 62 under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0; land cover image adapted from ref. 34 under a Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0; fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) image adapted from ref. 26 , Copernicus Global Land Service (contains modified Copernicus Service information [2020]).](/paper-figures/6225c11dd21e438a85f12bf4e337ff9d/priority-list-of-biodiversity-metrics-to-observe-from-space-figure-3.png)
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“At high spatial resolution, canopy height models (CHMs) directly characterize habitat heterogeneity9, which is why canopy height has been ranked as a high-priority biodiversity variable to be observed from space5.”
From A high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
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Free satellite data key to conservation
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Morsdorf, F. et al. in Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity (eds Cavender-Bares, J. et al.) 83–104 (Springer International, 2020).
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018).
Cited by
A high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth
Lang, N., Jetz, W., Schindler, K., & Wegner, J. D. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02206-6 · Cited by 810
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Metadata
- Authors
- Skidmore, A. K., Coops, N. C., Neinavaz, E., Ali, A., Schaepman, M. E., Paganini, M., Kissling, W. D., Vihervaara, P., Darvishzadeh, R., Feilhauer, H., Fernandez, M., Fernández, N., Gorelick, N., Geijzendorffer, I., Heiden, U., Heurich, M., Hobern, D., Holzwarth, S., Muller-Karger, F. E., Van De Kerchove, R., Lausch, A., Leitão, P. J., Lock, M. C., Mücher, C. A., O’Connor, B., Rocchini, D., Roeoesli, C., Turner, W., Vis, J. K., Wang, T., Wegmann, M., & Wingate, V.
- ORCID
- Skidmore, Andrew K.
- Coops, Nicholas C.
- Neinavaz, Elnaz
- Schaepman, Michael E.
- Kissling, W. Daniel
- Vihervaara, Petteri
- Darvishzadeh, Roshanak
- Feilhauer, Hannes
- Fernandez, Miguel
- Fernández, Néstor
- Gorelick, Noel
- Heiden, Uta
- Heurich, Marco
- Holzwarth, Stefanie
- Muller-Karger, Frank E.
- Lausch, Angela
- Leitão, Pedro J.
- Lock, Marcelle C.
- Rocchini, Duccio
- Wang, Tiejun
- Wegmann, Martin
- Venue
- Nature Ecology & Evolution
- Published
- 2021-05-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 896-906
- ISSN
- 2397-334X
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 118
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.