AI will never convey the essence of human empathy

Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum

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The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise

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Toward a hierarchical model of social cognition: A neuroimaging meta-analysis and integrative review of empathy and theory of mind.

Schurz, M., Raduà, J., Tholen, M. G., Maliske, L., Margulies, D. S., Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., & Kanske, P. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000303 · Cited by 702

Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-Disclosure After Conversations With a Chatbot

Ho, A., Hancock, J., & Miner, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy026 · Cited by 629

Empathy and Its Discontents

Bloom, P. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.004 · Cited by 477

In principle obstacles for empathic AI: why we can’t replace human empathy in healthcare

Montemayor, C., Halpern, J., & Fairweather, A. (2022) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01230-z · Cited by 293

Motivated empathy: a social neuroscience perspective

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Computational Models of Emotion Inference in Theory of Mind: A Review and Roadmap

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Motivational effects on empathic choices

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Artificial Empathy: An Interdisciplinary Investigation

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Artificial intelligence in surgery

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AI can help people feel heard, but an AI label diminishes this impact

Yin, Y., Jia, N., & Wakslak, C. J. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2319112121 · Cited by 247

Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providers.

Moore, J., Grabb, D., Agnew, W., Klyman, K., Chancellor, S., Ong, D. C., & Haber, N. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3715275.3732039 · Cited by 204

Third-party evaluators perceive AI as more compassionate than expert humans

Ovsyannikova, D., de Mello, V. O., & Inzlicht, M. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00182-6 · Cited by 159

Machine culture

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Considering the role of human empathy in AI-driven therapy

Rubin, M., Arnon, H., Huppert, J. D., & Perry, A. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/56529 · Cited by 111

Comparing the value of perceived human versus AI-generated empathy

Rubin, M., Li, J. Z., Zimmerman, F., Ong, D. C., Goldenberg, A., & Perry, A. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02247-w · Cited by 141

In praise of empathic AI.

Inzlicht, M., Cameron, C., D'Cruz, J., & Bloom, P. (2023) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.12.003 · Cited by 76

Can Generative AI Chatbots Emulate Human Connection? A Relationship Science Perspective

Smith, M. G., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916251351306 · Cited by 88

AI chatbots versus human healthcare professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of empathy in patient care

Howcroft, A., Bennett‐Weston, A., Khan, A. H., Griffiths, J., Gay, S. P., & Howick, J. (2025) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldaf017 · Cited by 116

Revealing the source: How awareness alters perceptions of AI and human-generated mental health responses

Jain, G., Pareek, S., & Carlbring, P. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100745 · Cited by 61

Unveiling Insights: A Bibliometric Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Teaching

Ivanova, M., Grosseck, G., & Holotescu, C. (2024) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics11010010 · Cited by 59

Large Language Models Produce Responses Perceived to be Empathic

Lee, Y. K., Suh, J., Zhan, H., Li, J. J., & Ong, D. C. (2024) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii63134.2024.00012 · Cited by 104

Large language models are proficient in solving and creating emotional intelligence tests

Schlegel, K., Sommer, N. R., & Mortillaro, M. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00258-x · Cited by 46

Does it matter if empathic AI has no empathy?

Shteynberg, G., Halpern, J., Sadovnik, A., Garthoff, J., Perry, A., Hay, J., Montemayor, C., Olson, M. A., Hulsey, T. L., & Fairweather, A. (2024) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00841-7 · Cited by 44

Comparing perceived empathy and intervention strategies of an AI chatbot and human psychotherapists in online mental health support

Yonatan‐Leus, R., & Brukner, H. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12832 · Cited by 46

Mentalizing Without a Mind: Psychotherapeutic Potential of Generative AI

Yirmiya, K., & Fonagy, P. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/79156 · Cited by 46

What Are the Best Practices for Co-Creating Patient-Facing Educational Materials? A Scoping Review of the Literature

McDonald, I. R., Blocker, E. S., Weyman, E. A., Smith, N. T., & Dwyer, A. A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11192615 · Cited by 33

How does turning to AI for companionship predict loneliness and vice versa?

Folk, D., & Dunn, E. (2026) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976261427747 · Cited by 33

The Growing Importance of Soft Skills in Medical Education in the AI Era: Balancing Humanistic Care and Artificial Intelligence

Simou, E. (2025) · International Medical Education · doi:10.3390/ime4040050 · Cited by 32

Can Chatbots Ever Provide More Social Connection Than Humans?

Folk, D., Yu, S., & Dunn, E. (2024) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.117083 · Cited by 21

The ethics of using artificial intelligence in medical research

Yu, S., Lee, S., & Hwang, H. (2024) · Kosin Medical Journal · doi:10.7180/kmj.24.140 · Cited by 38

AI-mediated social support: the prospect of human–AI collaboration

Meng, J., Zhang, R., Qin, J., Lee, Y.-J., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmaf013 · Cited by 34

Human-Like Epistemic Trust? A Conceptual and Normative Analysis of Conversational AI in Mental Healthcare

Sedláková, J., Lucivero, F., Pavarini, G., & Kerasidou, A. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2526734 · Cited by 27

The externalization of internal experiences in psychotherapy through generative artificial intelligence: a theoretical, clinical, and ethical analysis

Haber, Y., Shoval, D. H., Levkovich, I., Yinon, D., Gigi, K., Pen, O., Angert, T., & Elyoseph, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1512273 · Cited by 20

Developing a Social Support Framework: Understanding the Reciprocity in Human-Chatbot Relationship

Pan, S., & de Graaf, M. M. A. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713503 · Cited by 22

AI vs. human: A large-scale analysis of AI-generated fake reviews, human-generated fake reviews and authentic reviews

Zhao, Y., Tang, S., Zhang, H., & Lyu, L. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104400 · Cited by 28

Empathy: an ethical consideration of AI & others in the workplace

Kleinrichert, D. (2024) · Ai & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01831-w · Cited by 12

Artificial Intelligence on The Couch. Staying Human Post-AI

Knafo, D. (2024) · The American Journal of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1057/s11231-024-09449-7 · Cited by 17

Individual differences in anthropomorphism help explain social connection to AI companions

Folk, D. P., Heine, S. J., & Dunn, E. W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19212-2 · Cited by 34

Exploring the connecting potential of AI: Integrating human interpersonal listening and parasocial support into human-computer interactions

Weinstein, N., Itzchakov, G., & Maniaci, M. R. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100149 · Cited by 19

Identification and Description of Emotions by Current Large Language ModelsPreprint

Patel, S., & Fan, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.1101/2023.07.17.549421 · Cited by 18

People choose to receive human empathy despite rating AI empathy higher

Wenger, J. D., Cameron, C. D., & Inzlicht, M. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00387-3 · Cited by 24

When large language models are reliable for judging empathic communication

Kumar, A., Poungpeth, N., Yang, D., Farrell, E. L., Lambert, B. L., & Groh, M. (2026) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-025-01169-6 · Cited by 22

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) “Empathy”? A Study Comparing ChatGPT and Physician Responses on an Online Forum

Ruben, M. A., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., & Hall, J. A. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-025-10068-w · Cited by 22

Emotional artificial intelligence: The impact of chatbot empathy and emotional tone on consumer satisfaction and word of mouth

Rohden, S. F., & Espartel, L. B. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103764 · Cited by 16

Towards trustworthy medical AI ecosystems – a proposal for supporting responsible innovation practices in AI-based medical innovation

Herzog, C., Blank, S., & Stahl, B. C. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-02082-z · Cited by 18

Perception of AI Use in Youth Mental Health Services: Qualitative Study

Ding, X., & Barbic, S. P. (2025) · Journal of Participatory Medicine · doi:10.2196/69449 · Cited by 18

Therapy chatbots and emotional complexity: do therapy chatbots really empathise?

Gabriels, K., & Goffin, K. (2026) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102263 · Cited by 15

Is a random human peer better than a highly supportive chatbot in reducing loneliness over time?

Li, R.-N., Folk, D. P., Singh, A., Ungar, L., & Dunn, E. W. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2026.104911 · Cited by 21

The unseen dilemma of AI in mental healthcare

Joseph, A. P., & Babu, A. (2024) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-024-01937-9 · Cited by 13

AI-induced hyper-learning in humans

Glickman, M., & Sharot, T. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101900 · Cited by 17

The next frontier in mindreading? Assessing generative artificial intelligence (GAI)'s social-cognitive capabilities using dynamic audiovisual stimuli

Refoua, E., Elyoseph, Z., Wacker, R., Dziobek, I., Tsafrir, I., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100702 · Cited by 16

Skill but not Effort Drive GPT Overperformance over Humans in Cognitive Reframing of Negative Scenarios

Li, J. Z., Herderich, A., & Goldenberg, A. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fzvd8 · Cited by 10

Empathy order effects on shaping GenAI online complaint management in tourism

Xu, X., Wen, N., & Cai, R. (2025) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105304 · Cited by 10

Symbolic Bureaucratic Representation and Client Cooperation: Experimental Insights From Four Daily Public Service Scenarios in China

Zhang, Y., & Wang, H. (2024) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13042 · Cited by 10

Empathetic creativity as a ‘shield’: A dual-path study of the impact of artificial intelligence usage on employee work outcomes

Jiao, Y., Huang, Y., Wen, T., & OuYang, M. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104301 · Cited by 11

A conceptual and ethical framework for empathy and communication technologies

Bollen, C. J. M. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102707 · Cited by 9

Comparative analysis of GPT-4.0 and teacher feedback on student-generated questions in the flipped classroom

Li, K., Lan, J., & Hu, Y. (2025) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-025-10467-0 · Cited by 12

Triadic relations in healthcare: surveying physicians’ perspectives on generative AI integration and its role on empathy, the placebo effect and patient care

Faria, V., Goturi, N., Dynak, A., Talbert, C., Pondelis, N. J., Annoni, M., Blease, C., Holmes, S. A., & Moulton, E. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1612215 · Cited by 11

AI-generated videos in medical education: systematic review

Artsi, Y., Sorin, V., Glicksberg, B. S., Korfiatis, P. D., Thomas, D. C., Nadkarni, G. N., & Klang, E. (2025) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2025-003704 · Cited by 16

More than an Acquaintance Less than a Friend: Fringeships in Everyday Life

Fingerman, K., Birditt, K. S., Fiori, K. L., Hall, J. A., Huxhold, O., Rauer, A., Sandstrom, G. M., & Sprecher, S. (2025) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680251357549 · Cited by 6

Computational and ethical considerations for using large language models in psychotherapy

Zhang, R., Meng, H., Neubronner, M., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Nature Computational Science · doi:10.1038/s43588-025-00874-x · Cited by 12

The paradox of agency in psychotherapy: How people with mental distress experience support from generative AI chatbots and human therapists

Dai, X., Leng, L. L., Liu, Y., Huang, Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07671-w · Cited by 15

Balancing promise and concern in AI therapy: a critical perspective on early evidence from the MIT–OpenAI RCT

Ophir, Y., Tikochinski, R., Elyoseph, Z., Efrati, Y., & Rosenberg, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1612838 · Cited by 7

Against Imaginary Friends: Why Digital Companions Are No Solution to Social Isolation

Sparrow, R., & Brown, J. P. (2026) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3750037 · Cited by 8

Governance Framework for Safe and Ethical Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: A Modified Delphi Consensus

Hassan, A. M., Coert, J. H., Clemens, M. W., Hassanein, A. H., Waljee, J. F., Nelson, J. A., Mehrara, B. J., & Selber, J. C. (2026) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1097/xcs.0000000000001834 · Cited by 8

AI Chatbots Versus Human Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Empathy in Patient CarePreprint

Howcroft, A., Bennett‐Weston, A., Khan, A. H., Griffiths, J., Gay, S. P., & Howick, J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.25329258 · Cited by 7

AI practical wisdom and compassion

Graves, M. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00877-4 · Cited by 9

Stuck in place, the virtual sells: The influence of perceived social mobility on tourist responses to virtual influencers

Hu, J., Chen, H., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105347 · Cited by 6

The Crisis of Dignity at Work: Dehumanization during Digital Transformation, Societal Upheaval, and Workforce Uncertainty

Gibson, C. B., Groves, K. S., Margolis, J. A., Lusk, C., & Sakamoto, K. (2025) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2025.0359 · Cited by 6

Therapists and Technology: A Qualitative Study on AI′s Role in Counseling

Nazır, T. (2026) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/3616773 · Cited by 6

Algorithmic Witnessing: A Narrative Review and the AI CARE Framework for Trauma Testimony

Hadar‐Shoval, D., Haber, Y., Refoua, E., Elyoseph, Z., Yirmiya, K., & Yinon, D. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261425937 · Cited by 7

Testing the capacity of Bard and ChatGPT for writing essays on ethical dilemmas: A cross-sectional study

Kaliterna, M., Žuljević, M. F., Ursić, L., Krka, J., & Duplančić, D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77576-3 · Cited by 13

Can AI Chatbots Support Me as Human Agents? Exploring the Roles of Governmental Agent Type and Person-Centered Communication Strategies During Natural Disasters

Zheng, Q., Zhan, E. S., Dong, C., Thorson, E., & Hu, J. M. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2537789 · Cited by 6

Can generative artificial intelligence act as a mediator in linguistic education?

Evstigneev, M. N. (2025) · Вестник Тамбовского университета. Серия: Гуманитарные науки · doi:10.20310/1810-0201-2025-30-5-1063-1082 · Cited by 5

Dimensions of AI de-anthropomorphization based on impression integration theory

Li, J., Huang, J., & Ni, B. (2026) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2026.103352 · Cited by 6

Generative AI as a de facto mental health provider: a policy brief and urgent call for regulation

Refoua, E., Gigi, K., Levkovich, I., Shoval, D. H., Elyoseph, Z., Tsafrir, I., Pen, O., Angert, T., & Haber, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1708806 · Cited by 6

AI Caramba!

Shaalan, A., Tourky, M. E., & Ibrahim, K. (2024) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5340-0.ch011 · Cited by 6

No Hard Feelings: The Protective Power of AI Empathy During Service Interaction FailuresPreprint

Efthymiou, F., Mari, A., Uysal, E., & Brooks, D. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5367747 · Cited by 5

Empathy is More Than Just a Word: Reflecting on “Empathic” Chatbots and the Purpose of Using Generative AI in Healthcare

Guersenzvaig, A., & Delgado, J. (2025) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.70233 · Cited by 4

Emotional Resonance and Self-Esteem: The Role of Humanlike Competencies From Mental Health Chatbots

Jialan, S., Deng, Z., Deng, Z., & Song, D. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2025.3625427 · Cited by 5

How Does Firms’ Artificial Intelligence Adoption Affect Different Stakeholders? A Systematic Review and the AIMS Framework

Lin, M.-T., & Lam, H. K. S. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2025.3646221 · Cited by 4

More than a tool: how generative artificial intelligence shapes employees' work goal progress through resource gains and losses

Zhang, R., Yuxin, L. I. U., Qasim, M., & Wang, X. (2026) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-05-2025-0478 · Cited by 5

Reading between the lines: LLMs match or exceed human empathic accuracy using text alone

Oded, N., Rubin, M., Genzer, S., & Perry, A. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100994 · Cited by 5

Examining trust and agency in emotionalized AI through a 4E and biosemiotic lens: a case study of AI companionship in Japan

Mantello, P., Ponton, D., & Olteanu, A. (2025) · Ai & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02694-z · Cited by 5

Anthropomorphism in social AIs: Some challenges

Salles, A. L. F., & Paz, A. W. (2024) · Developments in neuroethics and bioethics · doi:10.1016/bs.dnb.2024.02.007 · Cited by 4

Advances in bilingualism as a dynamic process: 30 years of exploration in bilingual mind and brain

Gu, C., Peng, Y., & Li, P. (2025) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2025.101288 · Cited by 6

How Mind Perception Shapes Influencer–Product Fit: The Diverging Effects of Virtual Versus Human Influencers on Utilitarian and Hedonic Evaluations

Duan, Y., Hao, Z., Liang, F., Fan, M., Zhang, W., Wu, C., & He, X. (2025) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer20040305 · Cited by 3

SENSE-7: Taxonomy and Dataset for Measuring User Perceptions of Empathy in Sustained Human-AI Conversations

Suh, J., Le, L., Shayegani, E., Ramos, G., Amores, J., Ong, D. C., Czerwinski, M. P., & Hernandez, J. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3656531 · Cited by 12

Seven Empathy Myths: Correcting Misconceptions About a Complex Construct

Martingano, A. J., Konrath, S., Blanch‐Hartigan, D., Davis, M. H., Hall, J. A., Ruben, M. A., Sanders, J. J., & Schwartz, R. (2025) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.70093 · Cited by 3

Modeling morality and spirituality in artificial chaplains

Graves, M. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100051 · Cited by 3

Empathy, Thick and ThinPreprint

Crockett, M. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5862422 · Cited by 3

Do you feel like (A)I feel?

Tagesson, A., & Stenseke, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1347890 · Cited by 2

Can large language models exhibit cognitive and affective empathy as humans?

Yu, T., Pan, S., Fan, C., Luo, S., Jin, Y., & Zhao, B. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100233 · Cited by 9

Trusting the Middle in the TNO Trust Task: How Medium Risk and Reliability Shape AI‐Assisted Advice‐Taking

Sun, Z., & Ding, J. (2025) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1155/hbe2/6901297 · Cited by 2

Can artificial intelligence debunk health misinformation more effectively than humans? A three‐dimensional persuasion analysis

Ji, X., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70049 · Cited by 2

AI’s Hidden Price: AI Tools Reduce Donor Engagement Through Extrinsic Motivation Inferences

Zhao, Y., Zhou, P. P., & Chen, Z. (2026) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-026-06247-2 · Cited by 3

State of the Art of Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery

Kenig, N., Ostrerova, M., Crespo, E. B., & Echeverría, J. M. (2026) · Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1177/22925503261429913 · Cited by 2

AmongOthers: A Design Speculation for Rethinking AI in Online Social Communities

Cho, H., Seo, J. A., Seo, W., & Yamashita, N. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790722 · Cited by 2

Reining in Unbridled AI Enthusiasm: Protecting the Integrity of Rehabilitation Science and Clinical Care

Rabinowitz, A. R., Trauger, M., & Williams, M. (2026) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2026.04.033 · Cited by 2

Complexities, gaps, and risks in simulating AI empathy

Carlo, G., Ahn, J., & Cervera, K. (2026) · AI Brain and Child · doi:10.1007/s44436-026-00037-3 · Cited by 2

After dark, until the weekend: How temporal misalignment shapes consumer responses to anthropomorphic AI

Yang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.104984 · Cited by 2

Relational moral philosophy needs relational moral psychology

Calcott, R., & Earp, B. D. (2024) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2024.2304054 · Cited by 3

Can Large Language Models Exhibit Cognitive and Affective Empathy as Humans?Preprint

Pan, S., Fan, C., Zhao, B., Luo, S., & Jin, Y. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/w5rsu · Cited by 2

Could Artificial Intelligence Help “Crip” and Redefine Sexual Health Education for Disabled People? Exploring Ethical and Practical Possibilities

Martino, A. S., & Tri, T. (2025) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-025-09906-w · Cited by 1

Evaluating empathy in GPT-4-generated vs. physician-written emergency department discharge letters

Ben-Haim, G., Livne, A., Manor, U., Hochstein, D., Saban, M., Blaier, O., Iram, Y. A., Balzam, M. G., Lutenberg, A., Eyade, R., et al. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251389992 · Cited by 2

Brief empathy interventions online can decrease but not increase empathic tendencies

Tagesson, A., Wallin, A., & Pärnamets, P. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00364-w · Cited by 1

Detecting nursing students' empathy in video-recorded simulation using computer vision approach

Nissan, S., Lahan, T., Fire, M., Rappoport, N., Cohen, O., & Avraham, R. (2025) · Clinical Simulation in Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ecns.2025.101876 · Cited by 1

Emotional Comfort or Technological Delusion? Unveiling Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward AI Companions Based on Video Social Medias

Wei, H., Xiang, B., Zheng, X., & Yang, J. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2630076 · Cited by 2

The paradox of agency in psychotherapy: How people with mental distress experience support from generative AI chatbots and human therapists

Dai, X., Leng, L. L., Liu, Y., Huang, Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07671-w · Cited by 15

The Paradox of Agency in Psychotherapy: How People with Mental Distress Experience Generative AI and Human TherapistsPreprint

Dai, X., Leng, L. L., Liu, Y., Huang, Y., & Wong, D. F. K. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4fv56_v1

Emotional Support without Emotions: Can ChatGPT be a Good Therapist?Preprint

Kornienko, A. E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6072527

Emotional Support Without Emotions: Therapeutic Non-Experiential Empathy in AI-TherapyPreprint

Kornienko, A. E. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6481302

Comparing perceived empathy and intervention strategies of an AI chatbot and human psychotherapists in online mental health support

Yonatan‐Leus, R., & Brukner, H. (2024) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12832 · Cited by 46