Cited by 256Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesRadiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging

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Assessing the interactions between radiotherapy and antitumour immunity

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Grassberger, Clemens, Ellsworth, Susannah G., Wilks, Moses Q., Keane, Florence K., Loeffler, Jay S.·2019·Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

DOI 10.1038/s41571-019-0238-9PMC PMC13492067

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Abstract

Immunotherapy, specifically the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has transformed the treatment of cancer, enabling long-term tumour control even in individuals with advanced-stage disease. Unfortunately, only a small subset of patients show a response to currently available immunotherapies. Despite a growing consensus that combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with radiotherapy can increase response rates, this approach might be limited by the development of persistent radiation-induced immunosuppression. The ultimate goal of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy is to induce a shift from an ineffective, pre-existing immune response to a long-lasting, therapy-induced immune response at all sites of disease. To achieve this goal and enable the adaptation and monitoring of individualized treatment approaches, assessment of the dynamic changes in the immune system at the patient level is essential. In this Review, we summarize the available clinical data, including forthcoming methods to assess the immune response to radiotherapy at the patient level, ranging from serum biomarkers to imaging techniques that enable investigation of immune cell dynamics in patients. Furthermore, we discuss modelling approaches that have been developed to predict the interaction of immunotherapy with radiotherapy, and highlight how they could be combined with biomarkers of antitumour immunity to optimize radiotherapy regimens and maximize their synergy with immunotherapy.

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Authors: Grassberger, C., Ellsworth, S. G., Wilks, M. Q., Keane, F. K., & Loeffler, J. S.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
Gordon Center for Medical Imaging (US)
Corresponding author: Grassberger, Clemens
ORCID: Grassberger, Clemens
Ellsworth, Susannah G.
Keane, Florence K.
Venue: Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-06-26
Volume: 16
Issue: 12
Pages: 729-745
ISSN: 1759-4774 (ISSN-L)
1759-4782
DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0238-9
PMC: PMC13492067
OpenAlex: W2954542121
Cited by: 244
References: 216
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 5
FWCI: 3.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
Funders: Massachusetts General Hospital
National Cancer Institute (R21CA241918, P01CA021239)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
Keywords: radiotherapy, antitumor immunity, immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiation-induced immunosuppression, immune response assessment, serum biomarkers, immune cell imaging, personalized radiotherapy, predictive biomarkers
MeSH terms: Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Immune System, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Radiotherapy, Precision Medicine

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Assessing the interactions between radiotherapy and antitumour immunity

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