Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Encapsulation is still required in harsh environments like the sea, and challenges such as solar cell module integration, volume reduction, and flexibility remain to be addressed.
“However, encapsulation is still required in harsh environments like the sea, and challenges such as solar cell module integration, volume reduction, and flexibility remain to be addressed.[157,196]”
From Advances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis (2025) · cites this paper as [157]
Sections 5.4–5.5 describe module-development challenges and say encapsulation is important for stability under outdoor stresses. Section 5.2 discusses a fabrication difficulty with flexible substrates, but also reports a flexible module. The cited passages do not address marine conditions or volume reduction, so those specifics are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kim, H.-S., Lee, C.-R., Im, J.-H., Lee, K.-B., Moehl, T., Marchioro, A., Moon, S.-J., Humphry-Baker, R., Yum, J.-H., Moser, J. E., et al. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00591 · Cited by 8,092 · see citing works
Self-citationSolvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells
Jeon, N. J., Noh, J. H., Kim, Y. C., Yang, W. S., Ryu, S., & Seok, S. I. (2014) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4014 · Cited by 6,723 · see citing works
Efficient, stable and scalable perovskite solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene)
Jung, E. H., Jeon, N. J., Park, E. Y., Moon, C. S., Shin, T. J., Yang, T.-Y., Noh, J. H., & Seo, J. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1036-3 · Cited by 2,305 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 38
- Sarritzu, V. et al. Sci. Reports 7, 44629 (2017).
- Yin, W.-J., Shi, T. & Yan, Y. Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 063903 (2014).
- Lee, J.-W. et al. Formamidinium and Cesium Hybridization for Photo-and Moisture-Stable Perovskite Solar Cell, Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1501310 (2015).
- Zhang, Y., Kim, S.-G., Lee, D., Shin, H. & Park, N.-G. Bifacial stamping for high efficiency perovskite solar cells, Energy Environ. Sci. 12, 308 (2019).
- Jiang, Q. et al. Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells, Nat. Photonics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0398-2 (2019). · DOI
- Jeon, N. J. et al. A fluorene-terminated hole-transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, Nat. Energy 3, 682-689 (2018). · DOI
- Zhao, P. et al. Antisolvent with an Ultrawide Processing Window for the One-Step Fabrication of Efficient and Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells, Adv. Mater. 30, 1802763 (2018).
- Li, F. et al. A Novel Strategy for Scalable High-Efficiency Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with New Precursors and Cation Displacement Approach, Adv. Mater. 30, 1804454 (2018).
- Wang, F. et al. Materials toward the Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress, Challenges, and Strategies, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1803753 (2018).
- Krechetnikova, R. & Homsy, G. M. Dip coating in the presence of a substrate-liquid interaction potential, Phys. Fluids 17, 102105 (2005).
- Mayer H. C. & Krechetnikov, R. Landau-Levich flow visualization: Revealing the flow topology responsible for the film thickening phenomena, Phys. Fluids 24, 052103 (2012).
- Kim, J. H., Williams, S. T., Cho, N., Chueh, C. C. & Jen, A. K. Y. Enhanced environmental stability of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells based on blade-coating, Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1401229 (2015)
- Yang, Z. et al. High-performance fully printable perovskite solar cells via blade-coating technique under the ambient condition, Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1500328 (2015)
- Deng, Y. et al. Scalable fabrication of efficient organolead trihalide perovskite solar cells with doctor-bladed active layers, Energy Environ. Sci. 8, 1544 (2015)
- Deng, Y., Wang, Q., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Vividly colorful hybrid perovskite solar cells by doctor-blade coating with perovskite photonic nanostructures, Mater. Horiz. 2, 578 (2015).
- Hu, Q. et al. In situ dynamic observations of perovskite crystallisation and microstructure evolution intermediated from [PbI6]4-cage nanoparticles, Nat. Commun. 8, 15688 (2017).
- Deng, Y., Dong, Q., Bi, C., Yuan, Y. & Huang, J. Air-stable, efficient mixed-cation perovskite solar cells with Cu electrode by scalable fabrication of active layer, Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600372 (2016).
- Tang, S. et al. Composition engineering in doctor-blading of perovskite solar cells, Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700302 (2017).
- solar cells, Nat. Energy 2, 17038 (2017).
- He, M. et al. Meniscus-assisted solution printing of large-grained perovskite films for high- efficiency solar cells, Nat. Commun. 8, 16045 (2017).
- Ding, X., Liu, J. & Harris, T. A. L. A Review of the Operating Limits in Slot Die Coating Processes, AIChE Journal, 62, 2058-2524 (2016).
- Lee, S. & Nam, J. Analysis of Slot Coating Flow Under Tilted Die, AIChE Journal, 61, 1745-1758 (2015).
- Krebs, F. C. Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93, 394-412. (2009).
- Sears, K. K. et al. ITO-Free Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Roll-to-Roll, Slot- Die Coated Silver Nanowire Electrodes, Sol. RRL 1, 1700059 (2017).
- Bishop, J. E., Routledge, T. J. & Lidzey, D. G. Advances in Spray-Cast Perovskite Solar Cells, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 1977-1984 (2018).
- Liu, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, L. & Xie, W. Ultrasonic spray coating polymer and small molecular organic film for organic light-emitting devices, Sci. Reports, 6, 37042 (2016)
- Hu, R. et al. Realization of Large-Scale Polymer Solar Cells Using Ultrasonic Spray Technique Via Solvent Engineering, Sol. RRL, 2, 1800064 (2018).
- Mohamad, D. K., Griffin, J., Bracher, C., Barrows, A. T. & Lidzey, D. G. Spray-Cast Multilayer Organometal Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated in Air, Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1600994 (2016).
- Bishop, J. E., Mohamad, D. K., Wong-Stringer, M., Smith, A. & Lidzey, D. G. Spray-cast multilayer perovskite solar cells with an active-area of 1.5 cm2, Sci. Reports, 7, 7962 (2017).
- Habibi, M., Rahimzadeh, A., Bennouna, I. & Eslamian, M. Defect-Free Large-Area (25 cm2) Light Absorbing Perovskite Thin Films Made by Spray Coating, Coatings 7, 42 (2017).
- Park, M., et al. Highly Reproducible Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication via Continuous Megasonic Spray Coating of CH3NH3PbI3, Small 15, 1804005 (2019).
- Jiang, Y. et al. Negligible-Pb-Waste and Upscalable Perovskite Deposition Technology for High-Operational-Stability Perovskite Solar Modules, Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1803047 (2019).
- Era, M., Hattori, T., Taira, T. & Tsutsui, T. Self-organized growth of PbI-based layered perovskite quantum well by dual-source vapor deposition, Chem. Mater. 9, 8 (1997).
- Momblona, C. et al. Efficient vacuum deposited p-i-n and n-i-p perovskite solar cells employing doped charge transport layers, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 3456-3463 (2016). 100. Ávila, J. et al. High voltage vacuum-deposited CH3NH3PbI3-CH3NH3PbI3 tandem solar cells, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 3292-3297 (2018). 101. Forgács, D. et al. Efficient monolithic perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1602121 (2016). 102. Borchert, J. et al. Large-Area, Highly Uniform Evaporated Formamidinium Lead Triiodide Thin Films for Solar Cells, ACS Energy Lett. 2, 2799-2804 (2017). 103. Fan, P. et al. High-performance perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin films for solar cells prepared by single-source physical vapour deposition, Sci. Reports, 6, 29910 (2016).
- Liang, G. et al. Highly Uniform Large-Area (100 cm2) Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 Thin- Films Prepared by Single-Source Thermal Evaporation, Coatings 8, 256 (2018). 105. Turkevych, I. et al. Strategic advantages of reactive polyiodide melts for scalable perovskite photovoltaics, Nat. Nanotech. 14, 57-63 (2019). 106. Yang, M. et al. Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules by Scalable Fabrication and Interconnection Optimization. ACS Energy Letters 3, 322-328 (2018). 107. Di Giacomo, F. et al. Up-scalable sheet-to-sheet production of high efficiency perovskite module and solar cells on 6-in. substrate using slot die coating. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 181, 53-59 (2018). 108. Hu, Y. et al. Stable Large-Area (10 × 10 cm2) Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Module Exceeding 10% Efficiency. Sol. RRL 1, 1600019 (2017). 109. Grancini, G. et al. One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering. Nat. Commun. 8, 15684 (2017). 110. Qiu, L. et al. Hybrid chemical vapor deposition enables scalable and stable Cs-FA mixed cation perovskite solar modules with a designated area of 91.8 cm2 approaching 10% efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 6920-6929 (2019). 111. Rong, Y. et al. Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells. Science 361, eaat8235 (2018). 112. Li, Z. et al. Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Nat. Reviews Mater. 3, 18017 (2018). 113. Rakocevic, L. et al. Interconnection Optimization for Highly Efficient Perovskite Modules. IEEE J. Photovol. 7, 404-408 (2017). 114. Walter, A. et al. Closing the Cell-to-Module Efficiency Gap: A Fully Laser Scribed Perovskite Minimodule With 16% Steady-State Aperture Area Efficiency. IEEE J. Photovolt. 8, 151-155 (2018). 115. Dagar, J. et al. Efficient fully laser-patterned flexible perovskite modules and solar cells based on low-temperature solution-processed SnO2/mesoporous-TiO2 electron transport layers. Nano Research 11, 2669-2681 (2018).
- Moon, S. et al. Laser-Scribing Patterning for the Production of Organometallic Halide Perovskite Solar Modules. IEEE J. Photovolt. 5, 1087-1092 (2015). 117. Palma, A.L. et al. Laser-Patterning Engineering for Perovskite Solar Modules With 95% Aperture Ratio. IEEE J. Photovol/ 7, 1674-1680 (2017). 118. Ben Wilkinson, Nathan L. Chang, Martin A. Green, Anita W.Y. Ho-Baillie, Scaling limits to large area perovskite solar cell efficiency, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 26, 659-674 (2018). 119. Extance, A. The reality behind solar power's next star material. Nature 570, 429-432 (2019). 120. Cheacharoen, R. et al. Design and understanding of encapsulated perovskite solar cells to withstand temperature cycling. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 144-150 (2018). 121. Cheacharoen, R. et al. Encapsulating perovskite solar cells to withstand damp heat and thermal cycling. Sustainable Energy Fuels 2, 2398-2406 (2018).
- Fu, Z. et al. Encapsulation of Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells Enables High Temperature and Long-Term Outdoor Stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1809129 (2019).
- Bush, K.A. et al. 23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability. Nat. Energy 2, 17009 (2017). 125. Sahli, F. et al. Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency. Nat. Mater. 17, 820-826 (2018). 126. Han, Q. et al. High-performance perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 monolithic tandem solar cells. Science 361, 904-908 (2018). 127. Kim, D.H. et al. Bimolecular Additives Improve Wide-Band-Gap Perovskites for Efficient Tandem Solar Cells with CIGS. Joule, DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.04.012 (2019). 128. Eperon, G.E. et al. Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps. Science 354, 861-865 (2016). · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jacobsson, T. J., Hultqvist, A., García-Fernández, A., Anand, A., Al-Ashouri, A., Hagfeldt, A., Crovetto, A., Abate, A., Ricciardulli, A. G., Vijayan, A., et al. (2021) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00941-3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Potential lead toxicity and leakage issues on lead halide perovskite photovoltaics
Ren, M., Qian, X., Chen, Y., Wang, T., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127848 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Materials and Methods for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules
Lee, D.-K., & Park, N.-G. (2022) · Solar RRL · doi:10.1002/solr.202100455 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationMaterials and methods for cost-effective fabrication of perovskite photovoltaic devices
Zhang, C., & Park, N.-G. (2024) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-024-00636-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Blue Energy Fuels: Harvesting Energy from Ocean for Self‐Powered Electrolysis
Ock, I. W., Yin, J., Wang, S., Zhao, X., Baik, J. M., & Chen, J. (2025) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202400563 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
High-bandwidth perovskite photonic sources on silicon
Ren, A., Wang, H., Dai, L., Xia, J., Bai, X., Butler-Caddle, E., Smith, J. A., Lai, H., Ye, J., Li, X., et al. (2023) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-023-01242-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An Ensemble Learning Platform for the Large-Scale Exploration of New Double Perovskites
Wang, Z., Han, Y., Lin, X., Cai, J., Wu, S., & Li, J. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.1c18477 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Park, N.-G., & Zhu, K.
- Affiliations
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Nam-Gyu
- Zhu, Kai
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Materials
- Published
- 2020-02-19
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 333-350
- ISSN
- 2058-8437 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3007099258
- Cited by
- 908
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 167 · 2020: 66
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Materials (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Perovskite Materials and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
- Keywords
- perovskite solar cells, perovskite solar modules, large-area coating, scalable fabrication, perovskite thin films, power conversion efficiency, device stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review