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Age-related remodelling of oesophageal epithelia by mutated cancer drivers
Abstract
Clonal expansion in aged normal tissues has been implicated in the development of cancer. However, the chronology and risk dependence of the expansion are poorly understood. Here we intensively sequence 682 micro-scale oesophageal samples and show, in physiologically normal oesophageal epithelia, the progressive age-related expansion of clones that carry mutations in driver genes (predominantly NOTCH1), which is substantially accelerated by alcohol consumption and by smoking. Driver-mutated clones emerge multifocally from early childhood and increase their number and size with ageing, and ultimately replace almost the entire oesophageal epithelium in the extremely elderly. Compared with mutations in oesophageal cancer, there is a marked overrepresentation of NOTCH1 and PPM1D mutations in physiologically normal oesophageal epithelia; these mutations can be acquired before late adolescence (as early as early infancy) and significantly increase in number with heavy smoking and drinking. The remodelling of the oesophageal epithelium by driver-mutated clones is an inevitable consequence of normal ageing, which-depending on lifestyle risks-may affect cancer development.
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“Instead, the discovery of widespread clonal expansions in ageing human tissues19,50–52 raises the possibility that some somatic mutations contribute to ageing by driving clonal expansions of functionally altered cells at a cost to the organism49,53,54.”
From Somatic mutation rates scale with lifespan across mammals (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“An equivalent state is also pervasive in the epithelium of skin 14 and esophagus 15,16, suggesting that somatic mutation-driven clonal expansions may be a characteristic of aging in several tissues.”
From Clonal hematopoiesis in human aging and disease (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
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Germline predisposition for clonal hematopoiesis
Kubota, Y., & Viny, A. D. (2024) · Seminars in Hematology · doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.01.007 · Cited by 9
Yokoyama, A., Watanabe, K., Inoue, Y., Hirano, T., Tamaoki, M., Hirohashi, K., Kawaguchi, S., Ishida, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Kishimoto, Y., et al. (2025) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adq6740 · Cited by 10
Esophageal cancer: from pathogenesis to precision therapies
Zhang, S., Shen, Y., Zhu, L., Lai, Y., Zhu, L. C., Xiao, X., Li, J., Tan, W., Lin, D., & Wu, C. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-026-02614-7 · Cited by 12
Evaluating cancer etiology and risk with a mathematical model of tumor evolution
Pénisson, S., Lambert, A., & Tomasetti, C. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34760-1 · Cited by 12
Myers, M. B., McKim, K. L., Banda, M., George, N. I., & Parsons, B. L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20051011 · Cited by 8
Nakano, T., Takeda, S., & Brown, J. B. (2020) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0md00110d · Cited by 8
Takeda, H., Takai, A., Iguchi, E., Mishima, M., Arasawa, S., Kumagai, K., Eso, Y., Shimizu, T., Takahashi, K., Ueda, Y., et al. (2021) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgab014 · Cited by 8
Chen, D. Y., Ferguson, I. M., Braun, K. A., Sutton, L. A., Helton, N., Ramakrishnan, S. M., Smith, A. M., Miller, C. A., & Ley, T. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022760118 · Cited by 8
“In addition to clonal hematopoiesis, premalignant mutationdriven clonal expansion has now been shown to occur in many other systems, including the skin (2), liver (50), esophagus (51, 52), and bronchial epithelium (53).”
BackgroundAssessment of the gene mosaicism burden in blood and its implications for immune disorders
Solís-Moruno, M., Mensa‐Vilaró, A., Batlle-Masó, L., Lobón, I., Bonet, N., Marquès‐Bonet, T., Aróstegui, J. I., & Casals, F. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92381-y · Cited by 8
Onozato, Y., Sasaki, Y., Abe, Y., Sato, H., Yagi, M., Mizumoto, N., Kon, T., Sakai, T., Ito, M., Umehara, M., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99790-z · Cited by 8
Myc Supports Self-Renewal of Basal Cells in the Esophageal Epithelium
Hishida, T., Vazquez-Ferrer, E., Hishida, Y., Takemoto, Y., Hatanaka, F., Yoshida, K., Prieto, J., Sahu, S. K., Takahashi, Y., Reddy, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.786031 · Cited by 8
“This suggests that esophageal epithelial cells robustly proliferate and survive long enough to accumulate many somatic mutations without cellular senescence (Martincorena et al., 2018; Yokoyama et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLin, Y., Guo, Z., Huang, S., Ma, J., Xiang, Z., Huang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Chen, W. (2022) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol29100588 · Cited by 8
Mutations observed in somatic evolution reveal underlying gene mechanisms
Hall, M., Shorthouse, D., Alcraft, R., Jones, P. H., & Hall, B. A. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05136-y · Cited by 8
“4b), although the small number of FBXW7 mutations in the oesophagus data set means the statistical tests are non-signi fi cant (FoldX ΔΔ G: expected median = 1.10 kcal/mol, observed median = 0.73 kcal/mol, p = 0.59, n = 19, Supplementary Fig.”
InfluentialKostiou, V., Hall, M., Jones, P. H., & Hall, B. A. (2021) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0607 · Cited by 7
Köhrer, S., Dittrich, T., Schorb, M., Weinhold, N., Haberbosch, I., Börmel, M., Pajor, G., Goldschmidt, H., Müller‐Tidow, C., Raab, M. S., et al. (2023) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-023-02056-y · Cited by 9
Parsons, B. L., Beal, M. A., Dearfield, K. L., Douglas, G. R., Gi, M., Gollapudi, B. B., Heflich, R. H., Horibata, K., Kenyon, M., Long, A. S., et al. (2024) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.22599 · Cited by 9
“…for age-related diseases and functional declines (Cagan et al., 2022; Choudhury et al., 2022; Colom et al., 2020, 2021; Evans & Walsh, 2023; Haring et al., 2022; Martincorena et al., 2018; Moore et al., 2021; Yokoyama et al., 2019), but mutations also may have no phenotype (i.e., silent mutations).”
Somatic mutations in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes impact on antitumor immunity
Mukohara, F., Iwata, K., Ishino, T., Inozume, T., Nagasaki, J., Ueda, Y., Suzawa, K., Ueno, T., Ikeda, H., Kawase, K., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2320189121 · Cited by 9
Evolution of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma From Precursor Lesion Stem Cells
Xian, W., Wang, S., Xie, J., Yamamoto, Y., Khorrami, M., Zhang, Y., Montes, R. C., Desales, C., Khorrami, M., Mory, Z., et al. (2025) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2025.02.032 · Cited by 7
The Interplay of Aging and Cancer: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies
Wang, L., Luo, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · MedComm – Oncology · doi:10.1002/mog2.70041 · Cited by 8
Rethinking cancer initiation: The role of large‐scale mutational events
Shah, A. (2023) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.23213 · Cited by 8
“58 Similarly, somatic mutations that drive clonal expansion of blood cells have been detected in 10% of healthy individuals by the age of 70 years.”
BackgroundClonal expansion in normal tissues
Maeda, H., & Kakiuchi, N. (2024) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.16183 · Cited by 7
“24 In older individuals, 40%–80% of the entire esophageal mucosa is remodeled by mutated clones.”
BackgroundInfluentialMitochondrial–Stem Cell Connection: Providing Additional Explanations for Understanding Cancer
Martinez, P., Baghli, I., Gourjon, G., & Seyfried, T. N. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14040229 · Cited by 7
Zhang, D., Zhang, A., He, X., & Deng, S. (2024) · Advanced Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s44307-024-00025-9 · Cited by 7
“For example, the esophagus is exposed to external stimuli from food (Martincorena et al. 2018; Yokoyama et al. 2019), the skin is frequently exposed to UV radiation (Jonason et al. 1996; Martincorena et al. 2015) and the relatively higher degree of clonal expansion in liver might result from its…”
Koyama, K., Maeda, D., Kito, M., Tamura, D., Kudo‐Asabe, Y., Katoh, H., Ishikawa, S., Nanjo, H., Terada, Y., & Goto, A. (2020) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/his.14227 · Cited by 7
“reported expansion of drivergene-mutated clones in physiologically normal oesophageal epithelia, where these clones increased in number from early infancy.(36) Most recently, studies on normal endometrial glands have revealed that they carry driver mutations in cancer genes, such as PIK3CA and KRAS, and that the mutat…”
BackgroundHarris, K. L., McKim, K. L., Myers, M. B., Gong, B., Xu, J., & Parsons, B. L. (2021) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfab098 · Cited by 7
Ecoevolutionary biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Arul, G. L. R., Toruner, M. D., Gatenby, R. A., & Carr, R. M. (2022) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2022.06.005 · Cited by 9
Gu, X., Wang, L., Coates, P. J., Gnanasundram, S. V., Sgaramella, N., Sörlin, J., Erdoğan, B., Magan, M., & Nylander, K. (2022) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.6025 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Yokoyama, A., Kakiuchi, N., Yoshizato, T., Nannya, Y., Suzuki, H., Takeuchi, Y., Shiozawa, Y., Sato, Y., Aoki, K., Kim, S. K., Fujii, Y., Yoshida, K., Kataoka, K., Nakagawa, M. M., Inoue, Y., Hirano, T., Shiraishi, Y., Chiba, K., Tanaka, H., Sanada, M., Nishikawa, Y., Amanuma, Y., Ohashi, S., Aoyama, I., Horimatsu, T., Miyamoto, S., Tsunoda, S., Sakai, Y., Narahara, M., Brown, J. B., Sato, Y., Sawada, G., Mimori, K., Minamiguchi, S., Haga, H., Seno, H., Miyano, S., Makishima, H., Muto, M., & Ogawa, S.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Nagoya Medical Center (JP)
- Kyoto University Hospital (JP)
- McGill University (CA)
- Kyushu University Beppu Hospital (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ogawa, Seishi
- ORCID
- Yokoyama, Akira
- Kakiuchi, Nobuyuki
- Yoshizato, Tetsuichi
- Nannya, Yasuhito
- Suzuki, Hiromichi
- Takeuchi, Yasuhide
- Shiozawa, Yusuke
- Sato, Yusuke
- Aoki, Kosuke
- Kim, Soo Ki
- Fujii, Yoichi
- Yoshida, Kenichi
- Kataoka, Keisuke
- Nakagawa, Masahiro M.
- Inoue, Yoshikage
- Hirano, Tomonori
- Shiraishi, Yuichi
- Chiba, Kenichi
- Tanaka, Hiroko
- Sanada, Masashi
- Nishikawa, Yoshitaka
- Ohashi, Shinya
- Horimatsu, Takahiro
- Miyamoto, Shin’ichi
- Tsunoda, Shigeru
- Sakai, Yoshiharu
- Sato, Yoshitaka
- Mimori, Koshi
- Minamiguchi, Sachiko
- Haga, Hironori
- Seno, Hiroshi
- Miyano, Satoru
- Makishima, Hideki
- Muto, Manabu
- Ogawa, Seishi
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2019-01-02
- Volume
- 565
- Issue
- 7739
- Pages
- 312-317
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2905667684
- Cited by
- 628
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 58
- FWCI
- 19.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Kyoto University Research Information Repository (Kyoto University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18H02692, 15H05791, 15H05912, 17K19595, 15H05909)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- esophageal epithelium, clonal expansion, driver mutations, Notch1, PPM1D, aging, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, alcohol consumption, smoking, cancer risk, single-cell sequencing
- MeSH terms
- Mutation Accumulation, Protein Phosphatase 2C, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alcohol Drinking, Biopsy, Cell Count, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Child, Child, Preschool, Clone Cells, Epithelium, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Infant, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Mutation, Precancerous Conditions, Risk Factors, Smoking, Genome, Human, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Receptor, Notch1, Young Adult, DNA Copy Number Variations, Single-Cell Analysis, Gene-Environment Interaction
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