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Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Open accessAbstract
The halo of the Milky Way provides a laboratory to study the properties of the shocked hot gas that is predicted by models of galaxy formation. There is observational evidence of energy injection into the halo from past activity in the nucleus of the Milky Way 1-4; however, the origin of this energy (star formation or supermassive-black-hole activity) is uncertain, and the causal connection between nuclear structures and large-scale features has not been established unequivocally. Here we report soft-X-ray-emitting bubbles that extend approximately 14 kiloparsecs above and below the Galactic centre and include a structure in the southern sky analogous to the North Polar Spur. The sharp boundaries of these bubbles trace collisionless and non-radiative shocks, and corroborate the idea that the bubbles are not a remnant of a local supernova 5 but part of a vast Galaxy-scale structure closely related to features seen in γ-rays 6. Large energy injections from the Galactic centre 7 are the most likely cause of both the γ-ray and X-ray bubbles. The latter have an estimated energy of around 10 56 erg, which is sufficient to perturb the structure, energy content and chemical enrichment of the circumgalactic medium of the Milky Way.
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“It was only very recently that the high-sensitivity X-ray telescopes, such as eROSITA (Predehl et al. 2021) and MAXI , have been able to detect the southern counterpart of the NPS, known as the eROSITA bubbles (Predehl et al. 2020; Nakahira et al. 2020).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Predehl et al. 2020
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“Therefore, the energy density and the total energy in the eROSITA bubbles are, ϵ = nskBTs / ( γ -1) ≃ 2 × 10 -12 erg cm -3 and E th ≃ 10 56 erg, respectively (Kataoka et al. 2013, 2015; Predehl et al. 2020).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Predehl et al. 2020
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“Therefore, the energy density and the total energy in the eROSITA bubbles are, ϵ = nskBTs / ( γ -1) ≃ 2 × 10 -12 erg cm -3 and E th ≃ 10 56 erg, respectively (Kataoka et al. 2013, 2015; Predehl et al. 2020).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Predehl et al. 2020
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“The required energy and dynamical time for the 'Bipolar Hyper-Shell' were found to be ∼ 3 × 10 56 erg and ∼ 15 Myr, very close to the currently accepted values for the eROSITA bubbles (Kataoka et al. 2013; Predehl et al. 2020).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Predehl et al. 2020
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Items 101–200 of 234
Pressure Balance and Energy Budget of the Nuclear Superbubble of NGC 3079
Li, J., Sun, W., Ji, L., & Yang, Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad3af2 · Cited by 8
“…(MW) galaxy (Su et al. 2010) and its multi-wavelength counterparts (e.g., Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003; Bland-Hawthorn et al. 2019; Finkbeiner 2004; Predehl et al. 2020), for which various models based on star formation or AGN feed-back have been proposed (e.g., Guo & Mathews 2012;…”
BackgroundHigh-energy Gamma Rays from Magnetically Arrested Disks in Nearby Radio Galaxies
Kuze, R., Kimura, S. S., & Toma, K. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7ec1 · Cited by 8
“The activity of Sgr A* around 10Myr ago may have created the Fermi and eROSITA bubbles (see Su et al. 2010 for the Fermi observation and Predehl et al. 2020 for the eROSITA bubbles; see, e.g., Mou et al. 2014, Sarkar et al. 2017, and Yang et al. 2022 for theoretical models).”
BackgroundeROSITA narrowband maps at the energies of soft X-ray emission lines
Zheng, X., Ponti, G., Locatelli, N. T., Sanders, J. S., Merloni, A., Becker, W., Comparat, J., Dennerl, K., Freyberg, M. J., Maitra, C., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449398 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPeriodicity from X-ray sources within the inner Galactic disk
Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Bao, T., Haberl, F., Campana, S., Hailey, C. J., Mandel, S., Mereghetti, S., Mori, K., Morris, M., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449527 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMorphological Evidence for the eROSITA Bubbles Being Giant and Distant Structures
Liu, T., Merloni, A., Sanders, J. S., Ponti, G., Strong, A. W., Yeung, M. C. H., Locatelli, N. T., Predehl, P., Zheng, X., Sasaki, M., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad47e0 · Cited by 8
“1 (Predehl et al. 2020), the North Polar Spur extends from the eastern ( l < 180 ◦ ) to the western Galactic hemisphere at high Galactic lat-itudes and fades in the latitude range 40 ∼ 50 ◦ .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRadial X-ray profiles of simulated galaxies
Vladutescu-Zopp, S., Biffi, V., & Dolag, K. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450989 · Cited by 11
Discovery of non-equilibrium ionization plasma associated with the North Polar Spur and Loop I
Yamamoto, M., Kataoka, J., & Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac577 · Cited by 8
Fermi and eROSITA Bubbles as Persistent Structures of the Milky Way
Shimoda, J., & Asano, K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6846 · Cited by 12
“The observed halo gas consists of hot, tenuous X-ray emitting gas (e.g., Predehl et al. 2020) and cold, dense HI clouds (e.g., Wakker & van Woerden 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialX-ray panorama of the SS 433/W50 complex by SRG/eROSITA
Sunyaev, R., Khabibullin, I. I., Churazov, E., Гильфанов, М. Р., Медведев, П. С., & Sazonov, S. Y. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557726 · Cited by 7
Self-citationCO Emission Delineating the Interface between the Milky Way Nuclear Wind Cavity and the Gaseous Disk
Su, Y., Zhang, S.-Y., Yang, J., Yan, Q.-Z., Sun, Y., Wang, H.-C., Zhang, S.-B., Chen, X.-P., Chen, Z., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac63b3 · Cited by 7
“…nuclear wind, i.e., the GC lobes in radio (e.g., Sofue & Handa 1984; Carretti et al. 2013), IR (e.g., Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003), X-ray (e.g., Predehl et al. 2020), γ-ray (i.e., the Fermi bubbles in Su et al. 2010) emission and UV absorption (e.g., Zech et al. 2008; Fox et al. 2015; Savage…”
BackgroundGalactic origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
Zirakashvili, V. N., Ptuskin, V. S., & Rogovaya, S. I. (2024) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.023016 · Cited by 8
The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) probe mission concept
Kraft, R., Bogdán, Á., ZuHone, J. A., Adams, J. S., Alvarado‐Gómez, J. D., Argiroffi, C., Ayromlou, M., Azadi, M., Bandler, S. R., Barbera, M., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray · doi:10.1117/12.3019969 · Cited by 7
Self-citationThe warm-hot intergalactic medium in inter-cluster filaments
Zhao, Y., Xu, H., Liu, A., Zhang, X., Ji, L., Chang, J., Hu, D., Werner, N., Zhang, Z., Cui, W., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452543 · Cited by 7
Supernova-remnant origin of the Galactic-Centre filaments
Sofue, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3137 · Cited by 7
Nardini, E., Kim, D., & Pellegrini, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_109-1 · Cited by 7
Formation and Evolution of Transient Jets and Their Cavities in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries
Sikora, M., & Zdziarski, A. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf1a0 · Cited by 4
Patnaude, D., Kraft, R., Kilbourne, C. A., Bandler, S. R., Bogdán, Á., Cumbee, R., Eckart, M. E., Garraffo, C., Hodges-Kluck, E. J., Kelley, R. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Astronomical Telescopes Instruments and Systems · doi:10.1117/1.jatis.9.4.041008 · Cited by 7
The soft X-ray background with Suzaku. II. Supervirial temperature bubbles?
Sugiyama, H., Ueda, M., Fukushima, K., Kobayashi, S., Yamasaki, N. Y., Sato, K., & Matsushita, K. (2023) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psad073 · Cited by 7
Probing the Halo Gas Distribution in the Inner Galaxy with Fermi Bubble Observations
Zhang, R.-Y., & Guo, F.-L. (2021) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfdb1 · Cited by 5
Imaging the positron annihilation line with 20 years of INTEGRAL/SPI observations
Yoneda, H., Siegert, T., & Mittal, S. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555895 · Cited by 6
Lobos, V. G., Battaia, F. A., Obreja, A., Kauffmann, G., Farina, E. P., & Costa, T. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554054 · Cited by 6
“…be multiphase, including cold (10-100 K; e.g., Emonts et al. 2016; Vidal-García et al. 2021; Emonts et al. 2023), cool ( ∼ 10 4 K; e.g., Werk et al. 2014; Wisotzki et al. 2016; Nateghi et al. 2024) and warm / hot ( > 10 5 K; e.g., Predehl et al. 2020; Di Mascolo et al. 2023; Zhang et al. 2024) gas.”
Ionizing Spotlight of Active Galactic Nucleus
Moiseev, A. V., & Smirnova, A. A. (2023) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies11060118 · Cited by 6
“The total energy of the process is estimated ∼ 10 56 erg, and the age is 1-2 Myr [80].”
BackgroundShimoda, J., Inutsuka, S., & Nagashima, M. (2024) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psad081 · Cited by 6
Koljonen, K. I. I., Lindseth, S. S., Linares, M., Harding, A. K., & Turchetta, M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae498 · Cited by 6
Qu, Z., Pan, Z., Bregman, J. N., & Liu, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad31a0 · Cited by 6
“More recently, the hotter gas surrounding the FBs has been found to form larger X-ray bubbles, the eROSITA bubbles (Predehl et al. 2020).”
BackgroundThe SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: Large-scale view of the Centaurus cluster
Veronica, A., Reiprich, T. H., Pacaud, F., Sanders, J. S., Gatuzz, E., Yeung, M. C. H., Bülbül, E., Ghirardini, V., Liu, A., Mannes, C., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450277 · Cited by 6
Self-citationGupta, N., Kerp, J., Balashev, S. A., Morelli, A. P. M., Combes, F., Krogager, J.-K., Momjian, E., Borgaonkar, D., Deka, P. P., Emig, K. L., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452407 · Cited by 6
The All-sky Impact of the LMC on the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium
Carr, C., Bryan, G. L., Garavito-Camargo, N., Besla, G., Setton, D. J., Johnston, K. V., & Su, K.-Y. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbf1d · Cited by 6
“However, the shock wave of the LMC may be an additional contributor, shaping the morphology of nearby cold clouds, driving turbulence & other kinematics, and perhaps other emerging large-scale structures, such as the Fermi-eROSITA Bubble (Su et al. 2010; Predehl et al. 2020).”
Improving black hole accretion treatment in hydrodynamical simulations
Tartėnas, M., & Zubovas, K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2330 · Cited by 6
Génolini, Y., Maurin, D. A., Moskalenko, I. V., & Unger, M. (2024) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.109.064914 · Cited by 6
Signatures of Recent Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in the High-latitude Gamma-Ray Sky
Jóhannesson, G., & Porter, T. A. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac01c9 · Cited by 6
Virgo Filaments. V. Disrupting the Baryon Cycle in the NGC 5364 Galaxy Group
Finn, R., Rudnick, G., Jablonka, P., Ramatsoku, M., Nagaraj, G., Vulcani, B., Koopmann, R. A., Fossati, M., Agostino, J., Bahé, Y. M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc566 · Cited by 5
“This flattening is attributed to the “eROSITA Bubble” (Predehl et al. 2020), which extends far out of the plane of the Milky Way and is attributed to energy injected into the galactic halo from the galactic center.”
Red giant–jet collisions in galactic nuclei I: 3D hydrodynamical model of a few stellar orbits
Kurfürst, P., Zajaček, M., Werner, N., & Krtička, J. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf810 · Cited by 8
Disc-halo gas outflows driven by stellar clusters as seen in multiwavelength tracers
Vasiliev, E. O., Drozdov, S. A., Nath, B. B., Dettmar, R. ‐., & Shchekinov, Y. A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad309 · Cited by 5
QUIJOTE scientific results – VI. The Haze as seen by QUIJOTE
Guidi, F., Génova-Santos, R., Rubiño-Martín, J., Peel, M., Fernández-Torreiro, M., López-Caraballo, C., Vignaga, R., de la Hoz, E., Vielva, P., Watson, R., et al. (2023) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3468 · Cited by 3
“In addition, recent observations of the eRosita X-ray space telescope (Merloni et al. 2012) detected a distinct but possibly related structure: two circular and symmetric soft-X-ray (0.3–2.3 keV) bubbles, which extended up to high Galactic latitude |𝑏 | ≈ 85◦ (Predehl et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnlocking Discovery Potential for Decaying Dark Matter and Faint X-Ray Sources with XRISM
Zhou, Y., Takhistov, V., & Mitsuda, K. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad83cf · Cited by 5
“…surface brightness ratio is relatively high but it is still far from the Galactic center on the sky map, meaning it is less affected by the photon contamination from the Galactic hot gaseous halo and gas bubble identified by eROSITA (Predehl et al. 2020; Gupta et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2024).”
Cross-correlation between soft X-rays and galaxies
Comparat, J., Merloni, A., Ponti, G., Shreeram, S., Zhang, Y., Reiprich, T. H., Liu, A., Seppi, R., Zhang, X., Clerc, N., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554208 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe Warm Gas in the Milky Way: The Kinematical Model of C iv and Its Connection to Si iv
Qu, Z., Lindley, R., & Bregman, J. N. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac35cd · Cited by 5
A galactic breeze origin for the Fermi bubbles emission
Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3517 · Cited by 5
Inverse Compton emission from heavy WIMP annihilations in the Galactic Centre
Djuvsland, J. I., Hinton, J. A., & Reville, B. (2022) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2022.101157 · Cited by 5
Discovery of the Goat Horn complex: a ∼1000 deg2 diffuse X-ray source connected to radio loop XII
Locatelli, N. T., Ponti, G., Merloni, A., Zheng, X., Dennerl, K., Haberl, F., Maitra, C., Sanders, J. S., Sasaki, M., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449356 · Cited by 5
Self-citationProspects for a polarimetric mapping of the Sgr A molecular cloud complex with IXPE
Ferrazzoli, R., Gesu, L. D., Donnarumma, I., Paolo Soffitta, A., Costa, E., Muleri, F., Pesce-Rollins, M., & Marin, F. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141482 · Cited by 5
Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end-to-end simulations
Seppi, R., Eckert, D., Finoguenov, A., Shreeram, S., Tempel, E., Gozaliasl, G., Lorenz, M., Wilms, J., Mamon, G. A., Gastaldello, F., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202553977 · Cited by 4
“This strategy accounts for spatial variations of the X-ray background, including the emission of the eROSITA bubble (Predehl et al. 2020) in the sky covered by SDSS, which was already detected in the RASS as the North Polar spur (Egger & Aschenbach 1995).”
Self-citationIntroducing the Descriptive Parametric Model: gaseous profiles for galaxies, groups, and clusters
Oppenheimer, B. D., Voit, G. M., Bahé, Y. M., Battaglia, N., Bregman, J. N., Burchett, J. N., Eckert, D., Faerman, Y., Gibson, J., Hummels, C., et al. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1581 · Cited by 4
Not gone with the wind: survival of high-velocity molecular clouds in the galactic centre
Zhang, M., & Li, M. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3408 · Cited by 4
Deep Chandra Observation of the Remarkable Ionization Cones of NGC 5252
Wang, C., Wang, J., Dadina, M., Fabbiano, G., Elvis, M., Bianchi, S., & Guainazzi, M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad18c9 · Cited by 4
“Similar to discovery of the large scale eROSITA bubbles in our Milky Way (Predehl et al. 2020), more detections in local galaxies are envisioned and provide further insight in the past activities of their SMBHs and suppression of star formation.”
BackgroundKurinchi-Vendhan, S., Rohr, E., Pillepich, A., Zinger, E., Ayromlou, M., & Joshi, G. D. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1280 · Cited by 4
The eROSITA extragalactic CalPV serendipitous catalog
Liu, T., Merloni, A., Wolf, J., Salvato, M., Reiprich, T. H., Comparat, J., Arcodia, R., Lamer, G., Georgakakis, A. E., Dwelly, T., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243362 · Cited by 4
Self-citationOrbital and Attitude Control of Spectr-RG Observatory Under Technical Constraints
Eismont, N., Kovalenko, I. D., Nazarov, V., Korotkov, F. V., Pupkov, M. V., Zubko, V. A., Poghodin, A., Мжельский, П. В., Mikhailov, E. A., Ditrikh, A. V., et al. (2022) · Springer aerospace technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94628-9_24 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLiu, Y., Wang, B., Wu, P.-X., Wei, J.-J., & Wu, X.-F. (2026) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae355a · Cited by 5
“It contains known structures that extend across several to tens of kiloparsecs, such as the Fermi bubbles ( M. Su et al. 2010 ) , polarized radio lobes ( E. Carretti et al. 2013 ) , and the eROSITA bubbles ( P. Predehl et al. 2020 ) .”
Alemanno, F., An, Q., Azzarello, P., Barbato, F. C. T., Bernardini, P., Bi, X.-J., Boutin, H. V., Cagnoli, I., Cai, M., Casilli, E., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ae58a1 · Cited by 3
“It may also be responsible for the large-scale bubbles in the inner Galaxy, which originated from energetic activities of the SMBH in the past ( M. Su et al. 2010; P. Predehl et al. 2020 ) .”
X-Rays from a Central “Exhaust Vent” of the Galactic Center Chimney
Mackey, S., Morris, M., Ponti, G., Anastasopoulou, K., & Mondal, S. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad3248 · Cited by 2
“…which hot plasma is moving vertically out of the Galactic center where the plasma was produced, and into the region of the galaxy-scale Fermi gamma-ray bubbles (Su et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2018, 2022) and the even larger X-ray bubbles detected by the eRosita X-ray observatory (Predehl et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReconstruction of Fermi and eROSITA Bubbles from Magnetized Jet Eruption with Simulations
Chang, C.-J., & Kiang, J. (2024) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe10070279 · Cited by 3
“Figure 13b shows that, at | b | = 50 The observed X-ray skymap at 0.6–1 keV [3] was processed to enhance large-scale features of the bubbles; hence, it cannot be directly compared with the simulation data [3].”
InfluentialThe Starburst Acceleration of High-velocity Clouds in the Galactic Center
Zhang, M.-F., Li, M., & Zhu, P.-X. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb619
“The gas surrounding the HVCs appears brighter than the other ISM, leading to an inhomogeneous X-ray emission distribution, a pattern resembling the eROSITA bubbles observed at low latitudes (Predehl et al. 2020).”
Antipov, A., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Birnboim, Y., Federrath, C., Gnat, O., & Brüggen, M. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf949 · Cited by 3
Orlando, E., Bottacini, E., Moiseev, A. A., Bodaghee, A., Collmar, W., Enßlin, T. A., Moskalenko, I. V., Negro, M., Profumo, S., Digel, S. W., et al. (2022) · ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2022/07/036 · Cited by 58
Self-citationЗеленый, Л. М., & Kilpio, E. Y. (2024) · Physics-Uspekhi · doi:10.3367/ufne.2024.05.039794 · Cited by 3
Cosmic-ray electrons and the magnetic field of the North Polar Spur
Mou, G., Wu, J., & Sofue, Y. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245401 · Cited by 3
Probing the Hot Gaseous Halo of the Low-mass Disk Galaxy NGC 7793 with eROSITA and Chandra
He, L., Li, Z., Hou, M., Du, M., Fang, T., & Cui, W. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc0a0 · Cited by 2
“However, we note that the local background (including the emission from the Galactic halo, the Local Hot Bubble and unresolved CXBs) has been subtracted from the source spectrum, so contamination from the Milky Way’s hot gas halo is minimal and the detected 0.18 keV hot plasma is most likely to originate from NGC 7793…”
InfluentialHarris, A. I., Güsten, R., Requena─Torres, M. A., Riquelme, D., Morris, M., Stacey, G. J., STUTZKI, J., Okada, Y., Chambers, E. T., Mertens, M., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcb48 · Cited by 2
“Large-scale X-ray images show lobes characteristic of a high-speed wind emerging from the Galactic center (e.g., G. Ponti et al. 2019; P. Predehl et al. 2020; Q. D. Wang 2021; M. C. H. Yeung et al. 2024), further evidence for wind-swept low densities.”
A New High-latitude H i Cloud Complex Entrained in the Northern Fermi Bubble
Bordoloi, R., Fox, A. J., & Lockman, F. J. (2025) · Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/addd16 · Cited by 3
“The bubbles emit radiation from gamma rays (Ackermann et al. 2014), through X-rays and the mid-IR (Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003; Predehl et al. 2020), to microwaves and radio waves (Finkbeiner 2004; Carretti et al. 2013).”
Magnetic Field in the Lobes of the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 3516: Suggestions of a Helical Field
Ghosh, S., Kharb, P., Sajjanhar, E., Pasetto, A., & Sebastian, B. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade98d · Cited by 2
“The soft X-ray emission seen by Chandra ACIS-S (Figure 2, bottom right panel) is reminiscent of the bowl-like wind emission observed in the Seyfert/starburst composite galaxy, NGC3079 (Pietsch et al. 1998; Cecil et al. 2001), and even the Milky Way (Predehl et al. 2020).”
The Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way’s Central Black Hole
Gorski, M., & Murchikova, E. M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae63cf · Cited by 3
“…hole was first discovered ( D. Lynden-Bell & M. J. Rees 1971 ) , and on large scales ( 100 − 10,000 pc ) , there is abundant evidence of its past activity, usually perpendicular to the Galactic plane ( M. R. Morris et al. 2010; M. Su et al. 2010; G. Ponti et al. 2019; P. Predehl et al. 2020 ) .”
Mixing between AGN winds and ISM clouds produces luminous X-ray emission
Ward, S. R., Costa, T., Harrison, C. M., & Mainieri, V. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf2065 · Cited by 2
Leptonic and hadronic models of the high-energy nebula around V4641 Sgr
Kleimenov, M. I., Neronov, A., Oikonomou, F., & SEMIKOZ, D. V. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/bmdz-54dk · Cited by 2
“Indeed, the inner Galaxy region is known to host x-ray bubbles of complex morphology [57] and the emission observed by XRISM may be part of a larger x-ray structure unrelated to the source.”
Modeling the Milky Way wind: Supernova-driven outflows accelerate HI clouds near the Galactic center
Afruni, A., Teodoro, E. M. D., Armillotta, L., Lynn, C., & McClure‐Griffiths, N. M. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556813 · Cited by 2
Low-mass stars dominate the hot (0.7 keV) Galactic X-ray emission
Ponti, G., Yeung, M. C. H., Stel, G., Locatelli, N. T., Zheng, X., Stelzer, B., Merloni, A., Caramazza, M., Magaudda, E., Sasaki, M., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556925 · Cited by 2
Self-citationCMB as thermal radiation from cosmic dust grains in equilibrium with the redshifted starlight
Trinchera, A. (2022) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2197/1/012026 · Cited by 2
Evidence for powerful winds and the associated reverse shock as the origin of the Fermi bubbles
Fujita, Y. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3312 · Cited by 2
The Signature of the Northern Galactic Center Region in Low-velocity UV Absorption
Soto, C., Ashley, T., Fox, A., & Bordoloi, R. (2023) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace597 · Cited by 2
Iwashita, R., Kataoka, J., & Sofue, Y. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0374 · Cited by 2
“According to Predehl et al. (2020), soft X-ray bubbles that extend approximately 14 kpc above and below the GC are not remnants of a lo-cal supernova, but a galactic-scale giant structure closely related to the features observed in gamma-ray bubbles.”
BackgroundGluck, N., Oppenheimer, B. D., Nagai, D., Villaescusa-Navarro, F., & Anglés‐Alcázar, D. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3784 · Cited by 2
XMM-Newton and NuSTAR discovery of a likely IP candidate XMMU J173029.8–330920 in the Galactic disc
Mondal, S., Ponti, G., Filor, L. W., Bao, T., Haberl, F., Salcedo, C., Campana, S., Hailey, C. J., Mori, K., & Rea, N. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449228 · Cited by 2
Self-citationЗеленый, Л. М., & Kilpio, E. Y. (2024) · Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk · doi:10.3367/ufnr.2024.05.039794 · Cited by 2
Sources and Radiations of the Fermi Bubbles
Dogiel, V., & Ko, C.-M. (2024) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe10110424 · Cited by 2
Tidal disruption events as the origin of the eROSITA and Fermi bubbles
Scheffler, T., Schulreich, M. M., Schurer, D. P. P. R., & Breitschwerdt, D. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451965 · Cited by 2
3D MC. II. X-Ray Echoes Reveal a Clumpy Molecular Cloud in the CMZ
Alboslani, D., Battersby, C., Brunker, S. W., Clavel, M., Lipman, D., & Walker, D. L. (2025) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adbaf3 · Cited by 1
Possible Counterpart Signal of the Fermi Bubbles at the Cosmic-Ray Positrons
Cholis, I., & Krommydas, I. (2022) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/accb55 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, the observation of “cocoons” in the southern [1, 2] and the northern [32] galactic hemispheres within the Fermi bubbles, and of bubbles in keV X-rays by the eROSITA telescope [33], suggests that the inner galaxy undergoes episodic events of enhanced cosmic-ray injection.”
BackgroundDust Destruction in Hot Gas Dynamic Flows
Drozdov, S. A., & Vasiliev, E. O. (2021) · Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute · doi:10.3103/s1068335621100043 · Cited by 2
“Figure 1 shows the section of the density and temperature distribution in the hot wind close in characteristics to the bubbles observed in our Galaxy [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical and radiation properties of compact objects
Chen, X., Mou, G., Cheng, Z., & Wang, W. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-0336 · Cited by 2
On the Hα faintness of the North Polar Spur
Sofue, Y., Kataoka, J., & Iwashita, R. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1985 · Cited by 2
Can the Symmetric Fermi and eROSITA Bubbles Be Produced by Tilted Jets?
Tseng, P.-H., Yang, H., Chen, C.-Y., Schive, H.-Y., & Chiueh, T. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad50c5
Wide-band x-ray observatory for the time domain astronomy era: CHRONOS
Nakazawa, K., Enoto, T., Iwakiri, W., Shidatsu, M., TAKAHASHI, H., Okajima, T., Ishida, M., Suzuku, H., Yamaguchi, H., Watanabe, S., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray · doi:10.1117/12.3018366 · Cited by 1
“25 X-ray observations will reveal the heated ( kT = a few 100 eV) gas (like eROSITA bubble 26 ), and/or even the shock acceleated non-thermal emission.”
Sacchi, A., Bogdán, Á., & Truong, N. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc38b · Cited by 1
Loop I/NPS Morphology Predictions in the Ultralong-wavelength Band
Cong, Y., Yue, B., Xu, Y., Deng, F., Zhang, J., & Chen, X. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc9a4 · Cited by 1
“In the radio band, it is an arc above the Galactic plane; however, in the soft X-ray band it extends to below the Galactic plane and forms dual bubbles (Predehl et al. 2020).”
InfluentialSupermassive Black Holes and Their Surroundings: MeV Signatures
Sbarrato, T., Ajello, M., Buson, S., Malyshev, D., Malyshev, D., Mukherjee, R., Tagliaferri, G., & Tavecchio, F. (2025) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-025-01186-2
“Extended, prominent γ -ray emitting structures dubbed as Fermi bubbles were discovered emerging from the Galactic centre (Su et al. 2010), followed by the detection of more extended soft-X-ray bubbles by eROSITA (Predehl et al. 2020), suggesting past outflows (or maybe supernovae activity, see Sect.”
Gupta, A., Mathur, S., Kingsbury, J., Korkmaz, E., Das, S., Krongold, Y., Roy, M., & Lara-DI, A. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf10b · Cited by 1
“The sightline of MBM36 passes through the Galactic eROSITA bubble (Predehl et al. 2020).”
Discovery of Giant Bubbles in the Hot Gaseous Halo of the Massive Disk Galaxy NGC 6286
He, L., Li, Z., Li, Z., García-Benito, R., Liu, Y., & Hou, M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae0722 · Cited by 1
“An intriguing and spectacular structure can be formed during this process: the galactic-scale bubble, akin to the well known Fermi bubbles (Su et al. 2010) and eROSITA bubbles (Predehl et al. 2020) observed in our own Galaxy.”
Diffuse X-Ray Emission in the Sagittarius C Complex
Zhu, Z., Morris, M., Ponti, G., & Zhou, P. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae547c · Cited by 1
“…view (350 across the inner Galactic disk, with the primary goal of tracing the flow of hot baryons that drive large-scale energetic phenomena such as the Galactic center chimneys (G. Ponti et al. 2019, 2021), the eROSITA bubbles (P. Predehl et al. 2020), and the Fermi bubbles (M. Su et al. 2010).”
Self-citationHow black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
Ishibashi, W. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1840 · Cited by 1
Metallicity Mapping of the Ionized Diffuse Gas at the Milky Way Disk–Halo Interface
Choi, B.-E., Werk, J. K., Tchernyshyov, K., Prochaska, J. X., Zheng, Y., Putman, M. E., Fielding, D. B., & Strader, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad84f8 · Cited by 1
Weiland, J., Bennett, C. L., Addison, G., Halpern, M., & Hinshaw, G. (2024) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc4db · Cited by 1
Reconstructing the radial velocity distribution of the Milky Way’s circumgalactic medium with HESTIA
Runger, F., Sparre, M., Richter, P., Damle, M., Nuza, S. E., Grand, R. J. J., Hoffman, Y., Libeskind, N. I., Sorce, J. G., Steinmetz, M., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451355 · Cited by 1
Emission from hadronic and leptonic processes in galactic jet-driven bubbles
Owen, E. R., & Yang, H.-Y. K. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac119 · Cited by 10
A GeV-TeV particle component and the barrier of cosmic-ray sea in the Central Molecular Zone
Huang, X., Yuan, Q., & Fan, Y.-Z. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26436-z · Cited by 15
“The large-scale bubbles in γ-rays9, radio10, and X-rays11, and the so-called X-ray chimney12, may be consequences of the energetic activities of Sagittarius A⋆ in the past.”
BackgroundQiao, B.-Q., Yao, Y., Liu, W., Yuan, Q., Bi, X.-J., Hu, H., & Guo, Y.-Q. (2023) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe9080363 · Cited by 1
Kataoka, J. (2020) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01269-w
High-energy emission from the Galactic Center
Goldwurm, A., Clavel, M., Stefano Gabici, A., & Terrier, R. (2025) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/9nww-fclb · Cited by 2
Predictions for the X-ray circumgalactic medium of edge-on discs and spheroids
Nica, A., Oppenheimer, B. D., Crain, R. A., Bogdán, Á., Davies, J., Forman, W., Kraft, R., & ZuHone, J. A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2020 · Cited by 8
Morris, M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394163724.ch2
Metadata
- Authors
- Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R. A., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A., Cherepashchuk, A., Chugai, N., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., Eismont, N., Freyberg, M., Gilfanov, M., Haberl, F., Khabibullin, I., Krivonos, R., Maitra, C., Medvedev, P., Merloni, A., Nandra, K., Nazarov, V., Pavlinsky, M., Ponti, G., Sanders, J. S., Sasaki, M., Sazonov, S., Strong, A. W., & Wilms, J.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Ioffe Institute (RU)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Predehl, P.
- Sunyaev, R. A.
- Churazov, E.
- Merloni, A.
- Nandra, K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-12-09
- Volume
- 588
- Issue
- 7837
- Pages
- 227-231
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3112683134
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 12.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- X-ray bubbles, Galactic halo, Galactic Center, soft X-ray emission, collisionless shocks, energy injection, circumgalactic medium, North Polar Spur, eROSITA, galaxy formation
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