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A gut-derived metabolite alters brain activity and anxiety behaviour in mice
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Integration of sensory and molecular inputs from the environment shapes animal behaviour. A major site of exposure to environmental molecules is the gastrointestinal tract, in which dietary components are chemically transformed by the microbiota 1 and gut-derived metabolites are disseminated to all organs, including the brain 2. In mice, the gut microbiota impacts behaviour 3, modulates neurotransmitter production in the gut and brain 4,5, and influences brain development and myelination patterns 6,7. The mechanisms that mediate the gut-brain interactions remain poorly defined, although they broadly involve humoral or neuronal connections. We previously reported that the levels of the microbial metabolite 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS) were increased in a mouse model of atypical neurodevelopment 8. Here we identified biosynthetic genes from the gut microbiome that mediate the conversion of dietary tyrosine to 4-ethylphenol (4EP), and bioengineered gut bacteria to selectively produce 4EPS in mice. 4EPS entered the brain and was associated with changes in region-specific activity and functional connectivity. Gene expression signatures revealed altered oligodendrocyte function in the brain, and 4EPS impaired oligodendrocyte maturation in mice and decreased oligodendrocyte-neuron interactions in ex vivo brain cultures. Mice colonized with 4EP-producing bacteria exhibited reduced myelination of neuronal axons. Altered myelination dynamics in the brain have been associated with behavioural outcomes 7,9-14. Accordingly, we observed that mice exposed to 4EPS displayed anxiety-like behaviours, and pharmacological treatments that promote oligodendrocyte differentiation prevented the behavioural effects of 4EPS. These findings reveal that a gut-derived molecule influences complex behaviours in mice through effects on oligodendrocyte function and myelin patterning in the brain.
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“Furthermore, the gut microbiota facilitates the conversion of dietary tyrosine to 4-ethylphenol (4EP), which is further sulfated into 4-ethylphenyl sulfate that can enter the brain.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
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“Colonization of GF mice with 4EP-producing bacteria leads to reduced oligodendrocyte maturation and neuronal myelination, ultimately promoting anxiety-like behavior and altered social communication.39”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Needham, B. D., Funabashi, M., Adame, M. D., Wang, Z., Boktor, J. C., Haney, J., Wu, W.-L., Rabut, C., Ladinsky, M. S., Hwang, S.-J., Guo, Y., Zhu, Q., Griffiths, J. A., Knight, R., Bjorkman, P. J., Shapiro, M. G., Geschwind, D. H., Holschneider, D. P., Fischbach, M. A., & Mazmanian, S. K.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare (Japan) (JP)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Needham, Brittany D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2022-02-14
- Volume
- 602
- Issue
- 7898
- Pages
- 647-653
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC9170029
- OpenAlex
- W4213093937
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 83 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 53
- FWCI
- 33.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U19AG063744)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL147823)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH100556)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P50GM082545)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- 4-ethylphenol, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, anxiety-like behavior, oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, tyrosine metabolism, microbial metabolites, brain functional connectivity, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Anxiety, Bacteria, Brain, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Myelin Sheath, Phenols, Mice, Microbiota
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