The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The intrinsic substrate specificity of the human tyrosine kinome
Abstract
Phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine (Tyr) residues evolved in metazoan organisms as a mechanism of coordinating tissue growth 1. Multicellular eukaryotes typically have more than 50 distinct protein Tyr kinases that catalyse the phosphorylation of thousands of Tyr residues throughout the proteome 1–3. How a given Tyr kinase can phosphorylate a specific subset of proteins at unique Tyr sites is only partially understood 4–7. Here we used combinatorial peptide arrays to profile the substrate sequence specificity of all human Tyr kinases. Globally, the Tyr kinases demonstrate considerable diversity in optimal patterns of residues surrounding the site of phosphorylation, revealing the functional organization of the human Tyr kinome by substrate motif preference. Using this information, Tyr kinases that are most compatible with phosphorylating any Tyr site can be identified. Analysis of mass spectrometry phosphoproteomic datasets using this compendium of kinase specificities accurately identifies specific Tyr kinases that are dysregulated in cells after stimulation with growth factors, treatment with anti-cancer drugs or expression of oncogenic variants. Furthermore, the topology of known Tyr signalling networks naturally emerged from a comparison of the sequence specificities of the Tyr kinases and the SH2 phosphotyrosine (pTyr)-binding domains. Finally we show that the intrinsic substrate specificity of Tyr kinases has remained fundamentally unchanged from worms to humans, suggesting that the fidelity between Tyr kinases and their protein substrate sequences has been maintained across hundreds of millions of years of evolution.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Our comprehensive in silico kinase library screen for SNX17 S38 phosphorylation has expanded the list of candidates to include SNRK, DAPK2, DAPK1, and kinases of the CAMK class (45, 46).”
From Phosphorylation of SNX17 impedes activation of Retriever-mediated sorting (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., Green, T., Figurnov, M., Ronneberger, O., Tunyasuvunakool, K., Bates, R., Žídek, A., Potapenko, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2 · Cited by 43,764
Quantitative Analysis of Hsp90-Client Interactions Reveals Principles of Substrate Recognition
Taipale, M., Krykbaeva, I., Koeva, M., Kayatekin, C., Westover, K. D., Karras, G. I., & Lindquist, S. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.047 · Cited by 879
An atlas of substrate specificities for the human serine/threonine kinome
Johnson, J. L., Yaron, T. M., Huntsman, E. M., Kerelsky, A., Song, J., Regev, A., Lin, T.-Y., Liberatore, K., Cizin, D. M., Cohen, B. M., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05575-3 · Cited by 728
Self-citationThe functional landscape of the human phosphoproteome
Ochoa, D., Jarnuczak, A. F., Viéitez, C., Gehre, M., Soucheray, M., Mateus, A., Kleefeldt, A. A., Hill, A., Garcia-Alonso, L., Stein, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0344-3 · Cited by 491
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 74
- Hunter, T. The genesis of tyrosine phosphorylation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 6, a020644 (2014). · DOI
- Hornbeck, P. V. et al. 15 years of PhosphoSitePlus®: integrating post-translationally modified sites, disease variants and isoforms. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D433–D441 (2019). · DOI
- Lemmon, M. A. & Schlessinger, J. Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 141, 1117–1134 (2010). · DOI · Paper page
- Shah, N. H., Amacher, J. F., Nocka, L. M. & Kuriyan, J. The Src module: an ancient scaffold in the evolution of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 53, 535–563 (2018). · DOI
- Shah, N. H. et al. An electrostatic selection mechanism controls sequential kinase signaling downstream of the T cell receptor. eLife 5, e20105 (2016). · DOI
- Li, A., Voleti, R., Lee, M., Gagoski, D. & Shah, N. H. High-throughput profiling of sequence recognition by tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains using bacterial peptide display. eLife 12, e82345 (2023). · DOI
- Rush, J. et al. Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 94–101 (2005). · DOI
- Rikova, K. et al. Global survey of phosphotyrosine signaling identifies oncogenic kinases in lung cancer. Cell 131, 1190–1203 (2007). · DOI · Paper page
- Gerritsen, J. S. & White, F. M. Phosphoproteomics: a valuable tool for uncovering molecular signaling in cancer cells. Expert Rev. Proteom. 18, 661–674 (2021). · DOI
- Eckhart, W., Hutchinson, M. A. & Hunter, T. An activity phosphorylating tyrosine in polyoma T antigen immunoprecipitates. Cell 18, 925–933 (1979). · DOI
- Hunter, T. & Sefton, B. M. Transforming gene product of Rous sarcoma virus phosphorylates tyrosine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1311–1315 (1980). · DOI
- Druker, B. J. et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1031–1037 (2001). · DOI
- Cohen, P., Cross, D. & Jänne, P. A. Kinase drug discovery 20 years after imatinib: progress and future directions. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 551–569 (2021). · DOI
- Trenker, R. & Jura, N. Receptor tyrosine kinase activation: from the ligand perspective. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 63, 174–185 (2020). · DOI
- Sadowski, I., Stone, J. C. & Pawson, T. A noncatalytic domain conserved among cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases modifies the kinase function and transforming activity of Fujinami sarcoma virus P130gag-fps. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 4396–4408 (1986). · DOI
- Yaffe, M. B. Phosphotyrosine-binding domains in signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 177–186 (2002). · DOI
- Lim, W. A. & Pawson, T. Phosphotyrosine signaling: evolving a new cellular communication system. Cell 142, 661–667 (2010). · DOI
- Needham, E. J., Parker, B. L., Burykin, T., James, D. E. & Humphrey, S. J. Illuminating the dark phosphoproteome. Science Signal. 12, eaau8645 (2019). · DOI
- Manning, G., Whyte, D. B., Martinez, R., Hunter, T. & Sudarsanam, S. The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 298, 1912–1934 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
- Sugiyama, N., Imamura, H. & Ishihama, Y. Large-scale discovery of substrates of the human kinome. Sci. Rep. 9, 10503 (2019). · DOI
- Van de Kooij, B. et al. Comprehensive substrate specificity profiling of the human Nek kinome reveals unexpected signaling outputs. eLife 8, e44635 (2019). · DOI
- Lagoutte, E. et al. LIMK regulates tumor-cell invasion and matrix degradation through tyrosine phosphorylation of MT1-MMP. Sci. Rep. 6, 24925 (2016). · DOI
- Kettenbach, A. N. et al. Rapid determination of multiple linear kinase substrate motifs by mass spectrometry. Chem. Biol. 19, 608–618 (2012). · DOI
- Mayer, B. J. Perspective: dynamics of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling complexes. FEBS Lett. 586, 2575–2579 (2012). · DOI
- Yeung, W. et al. Evolution of functional diversity in the holozoan tyrosine kinome. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 5625–5639 (2021). · DOI
- Sieg, D. J. et al. Pyk2 and Src-family protein-tyrosine kinases compensate for the loss of FAK in fibronectin-stimulated signaling events but Pyk2 does not fully function to enhance FAK− cell migration. EMBO J. 17, 5933–5947 (1998). · DOI
- Dawson, J. C., Serrels, A., Stupack, D. G., Schlaepfer, D. D. & Frame, M. C. Targeting FAK in anticancer combination therapies. Nat. Rev. Cancer 21, 313–324 (2021). · DOI
- Philips, R. L. et al. The JAK-STAT pathway at 30: much learned, much more to do. Cell 185, 3857–3876 (2022). · DOI
- Begley, M. J. et al. EGF-receptor specificity for phosphotyrosine-primed substrates provides signal integration with Src. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 22, 983–990 (2015). · DOI
- Davis, T. L. et al. Structural recognition of an optimized substrate for the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases. FEBS J. 276, 4395–4404 (2009). · DOI
- Courtney, A. H., Lo, W.-L. & Weiss, A. TCR signaling: mechanisms of initiation and propagation. Trends Biochem. Sci 43, 108–123 (2018). · DOI
- Yaffe, M. B. et al. A motif-based profile scanning approach for genome-wide prediction of signaling pathways. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 348–353 (2001). · DOI · Paper page
- Yaron, T. M. et al. Host protein kinases required for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphorylation and viral replication. Sci. Signal. 15, eabm0808 (2022). · DOI
- Lew, E. D., Furdui, C. M., Anderson, K. S. & Schlessinger, J. The precise sequence of FGF receptor autophosphorylation is kinetically driven and is disrupted by oncogenic mutations. Sci. Signal. 2, ra6 (2009).
- Batth, T. S. et al. Large-scale phosphoproteomics reveals Shp-2 phosphatase-dependent regulators of Pdgf receptor signaling. Cell Rep. 22, 2784–2796 (2018). · DOI
- Budayeva, H. G. et al. Phosphoproteome profiling of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK identifies tyrosine phosphorylation of Rab GTPases. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 21, 100221 (2022). · DOI
- Kim, N. et al. Lrp4 is a receptor for Agrin and forms a complex with MuSK. Cell 135, 334–342 (2008). · DOI · Paper page
- Lundby, A. et al. Oncogenic mutations rewire signaling pathways by switching protein recruitment to phosphotyrosine sites. Cell 179, 543–560 (2019). · DOI
- Reckel, S. et al. Differential signaling networks of Bcr–Abl p210 and p190 kinases in leukemia cells defined by functional proteomics. Leukemia 31, 1502–1512 (2017). · DOI
- Wagner, S. A., Szczesniak, P. P., Voigt, A., Gräf, J. F. & Beli, P. Proteomic analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation induced by exogenous expression of oncogenic kinase fusions identified in lung adenocarcinoma. Proteomics 21, 2000283 (2021). · DOI
- Zingg, D. et al. Truncated FGFR2 is a clinically actionable oncogene in multiple cancers. Nature 608, 609–617 (2022). · DOI
- Ross, K. E. et al. Network models of protein phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination connect metabolic and cell signaling pathways in lung cancer. PLoS Comput. Biol. 19, e1010690 (2023). · DOI
- Lombardo, L. J. et al. Discovery of N-(2-chloro-6-methyl-phenyl)-2-(6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-ylamino) thiazole-5-carboxamide (BMS-354825), a dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with potent antitumor activity in preclinical assays. J. Med. Chem. 47, 6658–6661 (2004). · DOI
- Yeh, C.-T. et al. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) mediates resistance to EGFR inhibition in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Oncogenesis 10, 56 (2021).
- Booth, L. et al. The afatinib resistance of in vivo generated H1975 lung cancer cell clones is mediated by SRC/ERBB3/c-KIT/c-MET compensatory survival signaling. Oncotarget 7, 19620 (2016). · DOI
- Sanchez-Vega, F. et al. EGFR and MET amplifications determine response to HER2 inhibition in ERBB2-amplified esophagogastric cancer. Cancer Discov. 9, 199–209 (2019). · DOI
- Levinson, N. M., Seeliger, M. A., Cole, P. A. & Kuriyan, J. Structural basis for the recognition of c-Src by its inactivator Csk. Cell 134, 124–134 (2008). · DOI
- Fan, J. et al. Tyr-301 phosphorylation inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase by blocking substrate binding and promotes the Warburg effect. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 26533–26541 (2014). · DOI
- Songyang, Z. & Cantley, L. C. Recognition and specificity in protein tyrosine kinase-mediated signalling. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 470–475 (1995). · DOI
- Zhou, S. et al. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72, 767–778 (1993). · DOI
- Li, L. et al. Prediction of phosphotyrosine signaling networks using a scoring matrix-assisted ligand identification approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, 3263–3273 (2008). · DOI
- Shan, X. & Wange, R. L. Itk/Emt/Tsk activation in response to CD3 cross-linking in Jurkat T cells requires ZAP-70 and Lat and is independent of membrane recruitment. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29323–29330 (1999). · DOI
- Salojin, K. V., Zhang, J., Meagher, C. & Delovitch, T. L. ZAP-70 is essential for the T cell antigen receptor-induced plasma membrane targeting of SOS and Vav in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5966–5975 (2000). · DOI
- Plowman, G. D., Sudarsanam, S., Bingham, J., Whyte, D. & Hunter, T. The protein kinases of Caenorhabditis elegans: a model for signal transduction in multicellular organisms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 13603–13610 (1999). · DOI
- Joughin, B. A., Liu, C., Lauffenburger, D. A., Hogue, C. W. & Yaffe, M. B. Protein kinases display minimal interpositional dependence on substrate sequence: potential implications for the evolution of signalling networks. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 2574–2583 (2012). · DOI
- Suga, H. & Miller, W. T. Src signaling in a low-complexity unicellular kinome. Sci. Rep. 8, 5362 (2018). · DOI
- Miller, M. L. et al. Linear motif atlas for phosphorylation-dependent signaling. Sci. Signal. 1, ra2 (2008). · DOI
- Chen, M. J., Dixon, J. E. & Manning, G. Genomics and evolution of protein phosphatases. Sci. Signal. 10, eaag1796 (2017). · DOI
- Wynn, R. M., Davie, J. R., Cox, R. P. & Chuang, D. T. Chaperonins groEL and groES promote assembly of heterotetramers (alpha 2 beta 2) of mammalian mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12400–12403 (1992). · DOI
- Song, J.-L., Li, J., Huang, Y.-S. & Chuang, D. T. Encapsulation of an 86-kDa assembly intermediate inside the cavities of GroEL and its single-ring variant SR1 by GroES. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 2515–2521 (2003). · DOI
- Park, J. M. et al. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRMS inhibits autophagy and promotes tumor growth by phosphorylating the scaffolding protein FKBP51. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001281 (2021). · DOI
- Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, 2016). · DOI
- Wagih, O. ggseqlogo: a versatile R package for drawing sequence logos. Bioinformatics 33, 3645–3647 (2017). · DOI
- Modi, V. & Dunbrack Jr, R. L. A structurally-validated multiple sequence alignment of 497 human protein kinase domains. Sci. Rep. 9, 19790 (2019).
- Metz, K. S. et al. Coral: clear and customizable visualization of human kinome data. Cell Syst. 7, 347–350 (2018). · DOI
- Pettersen, E. F. et al. UCSF ChimeraX: structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers. Protein Sci. 30, 70–82 (2021). · DOI
- Hubbard, S. R., Wei, L. & Hendrickson, W. A. Crystal structure of the tyrosine kinase domain of the human insulin receptor. Nature 372, 746–754 (1994). · DOI
- Glassman, C. R. et al. Structure of a Janus kinase cytokine receptor complex reveals the basis for dimeric activation. Science 376, 163–169 (2022). · DOI
- Chen, X. et al. Crystal structure of a tyrosine phosphorylated STAT-1 dimer bound to DNA. Cell 93, 827–839 (1998). · DOI
- Endres, N. F. et al. Conformational coupling across the plasma membrane in activation of the EGF receptor. Cell 152, 543–556 (2013). · DOI
- Lu, C. et al. Structural evidence for loose linkage between ligand binding and kinase activation in the epidermal growth factor receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 5432–5443 (2010). · DOI
- Nagar, B. et al. Crystal structures of the kinase domain of c-Abl in complex with the small molecule inhibitors PD173955 and imatinib (STI-571). Cancer Res. 62, 4236–4243 (2002).
- Waksman, G. et al. Crystal structure of the phosphotyrosine recognition domain SH2 of v-src complexed with tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides. Nature 358, 646–653 (1992). · DOI
- Modi, V. & Dunbrack Jr, R. L. Kincore: a web resource for structural classification of protein kinases and their inhibitors. Nucleic Acids Res. 50, D654–D664 (2022). · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cell signaling pathways discovery from multi-modal data
He, C., Simpson, C., Cossentino, I., Zhang, B., Tkachev, S., Eddins, D. J., Kosters, A., Yang, J., Sheth, S., Levy, T., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.06.636961 · Cited by 3
Self-citationBurtscher, M. L., Garrido-Rodriguez, M., Rivera Mejias, P. A., Papagiannidis, D., Becher, I., Selegato, D. M., Potel, C., Jung, F., Zimmermann, M., Saez-Rodriguez, J., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.09.704793
Phosphorylation of SNX17 impedes activation of Retriever-mediated sorting
Speidel, J. D., Yu, K., & Böttcher, R. T. (2025) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110222
Metadata
- Authors
- Yaron-Barir, T. M., Joughin, B. A., Huntsman, E. M., Kerelsky, A., Cizin, D. M., Cohen, B. M., Regev, A., Song, J., Vasan, N., Lin, T.-Y., Orozco, J. M., Schoenherr, C., Sagum, C., Bedford, M. T., Wynn, R. M., Tso, S.-C., Chuang, D. T., Li, L., Li, S. S.-C., Creixell, P., Krismer, K., Takegami, M., Lee, H., Zhang, B., Lu, J., Cossentino, I., Landry, S. D., Uduman, M., Blenis, J., Elemento, O., Frame, M. C., Hornbeck, P. V., Cantley, L. C., Turk, B. E., Yaffe, M. B., & Johnson, J. L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2024-05-08
- Volume
- 629
- Issue
- 8014
- Pages
- 1174-1181
- ISSN
- 0028-0836
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC11136658
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review