The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A case report of clonal EBV-like memory CD4+ T cell activation in fatal checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalitis
Open accessAbstract
Checkpoint inhibitors produce durable responses in numerous metastatic cancers, but immune-related adverse events (irAEs) complicate and limit their benefit. IrAEs can affect organ systems idiosyncratically; presentations range from mild and self-limited to fulminant and fatal. The molecular mechanisms underlying irAEs are poorly understood. Here, we report a fatal case of encephalitis arising during anti-programmed cell death receptor 1 therapy in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Histologic analyses revealed robust T cell infiltration and prominent programmed death ligand 1 expression. We identified 209 reported cases in global pharmacovigilance databases (across multiple cancer types) of encephalitis associated with checkpoint inhibitor regimens, with a 19% fatality rate. We performed further analyses from the index case and two additional cases to shed light on this recurrent and fulminant irAE. Spatial and multi-omic analyses pinpointed activated memory CD4+ T cells as highly enriched in the inflamed, affected region. We identified a highly oligoclonal T cell receptor repertoire, which we localized to activated memory cytotoxic (CD45RO+GZMB+Ki67+) CD4 cells. We also identified Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell receptors and EBV+ lymphocytes in the affected region, which we speculate contributed to neural inflammation in the index case. Collectively, the three cases studied here identify CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as culprits of checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune encephalitis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“CTLA-4 blockade (alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1) produces toxicities in a dose-dependent fashion.22,23”
From Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709
RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome
Li, B., & Dewey, C. N. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-323 · Cited by 22,179
Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles
Newman, A. M., Liu, C. L., Green, M. R., Gentles, A. J., Feng, W., Xu, Y., Hoang, C. D., Diehn, M., & Alizadeh, A. A. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3337 · Cited by 13,224
Self-citationPD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance
Tumeh, P. C., Harview, C. L., Yearley, J. H., Shintaku, I. P., Taylor, E. J. M., Robert, L., Chmielowski, B., Spasic, M., Henry, G., Ciobanu, V., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13954 · Cited by 6,609
Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Postow, M. A., Sidlow, R., & Hellmann, M. D. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1703481 · Cited by 4,849
RSeQC: quality control of RNA-seq experiments
Wang, L., Wang, S., & Li, W. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts356 · Cited by 2,753
Wang, D. Y., Salem, J.-E., Cohen, J. V., Chandra, S., Menzer, C., Ye, F., Zhao, S., Das, S., Beckermann, K. E., Ha, L., et al. (2018) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3923 · Cited by 2,674
Self-citationFulminant Myocarditis with Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Johnson, D. B., Balko, J. M., Compton, M. L., Chalkias, S., Gorham, J., Xu, Y., Hicks, M., Puzanov, I., Alexander, M. R., Bloomer, T. L., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1609214 · Cited by 2,308
Self-citationImmune checkpoint inhibitors: recent progress and potential biomarkers
Darvin, P., Toor, S. M., Sasidharan Nair, V., & Elkord, E. (2018) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0191-1 · Cited by 2,035
Pneumonitis in Patients Treated With Anti–Programmed Death-1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Therapy
Naidoo, J., Wang, X., Woo, K. M., Iyriboz, T., Halpenny, D., Cunningham, J., Chaft, J. E., Segal, N. H., Callahan, M. K., Lesokhin, A. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.68.2005 · Cited by 1,215
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity
Kennedy, L. B., & Salama, A. K. S. (2020) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21596 · Cited by 1,396
Multiplex digital spatial profiling of proteins and RNA in fixed tissue
Merritt, C. R., Ong, G. T., Church, S. E., Barker, K., Danaher, P., Geiss, G., Hoang, M., Jung, J., Liang, Y., McKay-Fleisch, J., et al. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0472-9 · Cited by 1,072
Self-citationImmune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity
Johnson, D. B., Nebhan, C. A., Moslehi, J. J., & Balko, J. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-022-00600-w · Cited by 982
Self-citationDrug allergy: A 2022 practice parameter update
Khan, D. A., Banerji, A., Blumenthal, K. G., Phillips, E. J., Solensky, R., White, A. A., Bernstein, J. A., Chu, D. K., Ellis, A. K., Golden, D. B. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.028 · Cited by 607
Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Wright, J. J., Powers, A. C., & Johnson, D. B. (2021) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00484-3 · Cited by 441
Self-citationLozano, A. X., Chaudhuri, A. A., Nene, A., Bacchiocchi, A., Earland, N. J., Vesely, M. D., Usmani, A., Turner, B. E., Steen, C. B., Luca, B. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01623-z · Cited by 323
Epstein–Barr virus as a leading cause of multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and implications
Bjornevik, K., Münz, C., Cohen, J. I., & Ascherio, A. (2023) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-023-00775-5 · Cited by 246
Self-citationMulti-omics prediction of immune-related adverse events during checkpoint immunotherapy
Jing, Y., Liu, J., Ye, Y., Pan, L., Deng, H., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Diao, L., Lin, S. H., Mills, G. B., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18742-9 · Cited by 223
Self-citationNeurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Haugh, A. M., Probasco, J. C., & Johnson, D. B. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2020.1738382 · Cited by 195
Self-citationDelayed immune-related adverse events with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy in melanoma
Owen, C. N., Bai, X. L., Quah, G. T., Lo, S., Allayous, C., Callaghan, S., Martínez-Vila, C., Wallace, R., Bhave, P., Reijers, I. L. M., et al. (2021) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.03.204 · Cited by 174
Self-citationNaidoo, J., Murphy, C., Atkins, M. B., Brahmer, J. R., Champiat, S., Feltquate, D., Krug, L. M., Moslehi, J. J., Pietanza, M. C., Riemer, J., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2022-006398 · Cited by 176
Self-citationCorticosteroids and Cancer Immunotherapy
Goodman, R. S., Johnson, D. B., & Balko, J. M. (2023) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3181 · Cited by 168
Self-citationCentral nervous system complications associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Vogrig, A., Muñiz‐Castrillo, S., Joubert, B., Picard, G., Rogemond, V., Marchal, C., Chiappa, A. M., Chanson, E., Skowron, F., Leblanc, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323055 · Cited by 155
Farina, A., Villagrán‐García, M., Vogrig, A., Ζεκερίδου, Α., Muñiz‐Castrillo, S., Velasco, R., Guidon, A. C., Joubert, B., & Honnorat, J. (2023) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00369-1 · Cited by 160
Self-citationEpstein-Barr Virus and Neurological Diseases
Zhang, N., Zuo, Y., Jiang, L., Peng, Y., Huang, X., & Zuo, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2021.816098 · Cited by 140
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated With Immunotherapies
Baik, A. H., Oluwole, O. O., Johnson, D. B., Shah, N., Salem, J.-E., Tsai, K. K., & Moslehi, J. J. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.120.315894 · Cited by 138
Self-citationClinical and translational attributes of immune-related adverse events
Suijkerbuijk, K. P. M., van Eijs, M. J. M., van Wijk, F., & Eggermont, A. M. M. (2024) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-024-00730-3 · Cited by 136
Harnessing big data to characterize immune-related adverse events
Jing, Y., Yang, J., Johnson, D. B., Moslehi, J. J., & Han, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-021-00597-8 · Cited by 125
Self-citationvon Itzstein, M. S., Khan, S., & Gerber, D. E. (2020) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvaa081 · Cited by 121
Infections due to dysregulated immunity: an emerging complication of cancer immunotherapy
Morelli, T., Fujita, K., Redelman‐Sidi, G., & Elkington, P. T. (2021) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2021-217260 · Cited by 116
Johnson, D. B., Reynolds, K. L., Sullivan, R. J., Balko, J. M., Patrinely, J. R., Cappelli, L. C., Naidoo, J., & Moslehi, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30107-8 · Cited by 118
Self-citationVogrig, A., Muñiz‐Castrillo, S., Desestret, V., Joubert, B., & Honnorat, J. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756286420932797 · Cited by 108
Clinical Pharmacology and Interplay of Immune Checkpoint Agents: A Yin-Yang Balance
Géraud, A., Gougis, P., Vozy, A., Anquetil, C., Allenbach, Y., Romano, E., Funck‐Brentano, E., Moslehi, J. J., Johnson, D. B., & Salem, J. (2020) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-022820-093805 · Cited by 97
Self-citationChronic immune-related adverse events arising from immune checkpoint inhibitors: an update
Fletcher, K. A., & Johnson, D. B. (2024) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-008591 · Cited by 101
Self-citationIbis, B., Aliazis, K., Cao, C., Yenyuwadee, S., & Boussiotis, V. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197364 · Cited by 92
Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Guo, H., Liu, Y., Dang, N., Hu, S., Wu, L., Zhang, C., Ye, K., et al. (2021) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-00615-2 · Cited by 82
Self-citationPembrolizumab and decitabine for refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia
Goswami, M., Gui, G., Dillon, L. W., Lindblad, K. E., Thompson, J., Valdez, J., Kim, D., Ghannam, J. Y., Oetjen, K. A., DeStefano, C. B., et al. (2022) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-003392 · Cited by 84
Neurologic Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review of Literature
Albarrán, V., Chamorro, J., Rosero, D. I., Saavedra, C., Soria, A., Carrato, A., & Gajate, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.774170 · Cited by 76
Cranial Nerve Disorders Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Vogrig, A., Muñiz‐Castrillo, S., Joubert, B., Picard, G., Rogemond, V., Skowron, F., Egri, M., Desestret, V., Tilikete, C., Psimaras, D., et al. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011340 · Cited by 74
Vaccination against the Epstein–Barr virus
Rühl, J., Leung, C. S. K., & Münz, C. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03538-3 · Cited by 71
Tumor cell membrane‐based vaccines: A potential boost for cancer immunotherapy
Yang, M., Zhou, J., Lu, L., Deng, D., Huang, J., Tang, Z., Shi, X., Lo, P., Lovell, J. F., Zheng, Y., et al. (2024) · Exploration · doi:10.1002/exp.20230171 · Cited by 74
Epstein–Barr virus pathogenesis and emerging control strategies
Münz, C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-025-01181-y · Cited by 69
Shah, K. P., Song, H., Ye, F., Moslehi, J. J., Balko, J. M., Salem, J.-E., & Johnson, D. B. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0986 · Cited by 64
Self-citationCheckpoint Inhibitors and Therapeutic Vaccines for the Treatment of Chronic HBV Infection
Hoogeveen, R. C., & Boonstra, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00401 · Cited by 61
Frontiers in cancer immunotherapy—a symposium report
Cable, J., Greenbaum, B. D., Pe’er, D., Bollard, C. M., Bruni, S., Griffin, M. E., Allison, J. P., Wu, C. J., Subudhi, S. K., Mardis, E. R., et al. (2020) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14526 · Cited by 65
Self-citationValencia-Sánchez, C., & Ζεκερίδου, Α. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.642800 · Cited by 58
Cho, Y. K., & Jung, C. H. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2023.0072 · Cited by 56
COVID-19 and immune checkpoint inhibitors: initial considerations
Sullivan, R. J., Johnson, D. B., Rini, B. I., Neilan, T. G., Lovly, C. M., Moslehi, J. J., & Reynolds, K. L. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-000933 · Cited by 53
Self-citationYao, L., Jia, G., Lu, L., Bao, Y., & Ma, W. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106628 · Cited by 54
Immunotherapy to treat malignancy in patients with pre-existing autoimmunity
Boland, P., Pavlick, A. C., Weber, J., & Sandigursky, S. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2019-000356 · Cited by 50
The double-edged sword: Harnessing PD-1 blockade in tumor and autoimmunity
Kuchroo, J. R., Hafler, D. A., Sharpe, A. H., & Lucca, L. E. (2021) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abf4034 · Cited by 51
Dóra, D., Bokhari, S. M. Z., Aloss, K., Takacs, P., Desnoix, J. Z., Szklenárik, G., Hurley, P. D., & Lohinai, Z. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032769 · Cited by 48
Seki, M., Kitano, S., & Suzuki, S. (2021) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-021-03053-9 · Cited by 51
Gao, Y., Tan, Y.-J., & Fang, J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-025-01026-w · Cited by 50
Fan, S., Ren, H., Zhao, L. S., Yin, J., Feng, G., Wang, J., & Guan, H. (2020) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1111/ajco.13375 · Cited by 48
Kim, S. T., Sheshadri, A., Shannon, V. R., Kontoyiannis, D. P., Kantarjian, H. M., Garcia‐Manero, G., Ravandi, F., Im, J. S., Boddu, P. C., Bashoura, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.590494 · Cited by 47
CD27 is required for protective lytic EBV antigen–specific CD8+ T-cell expansion
Deng, Y., Chatterjee, B., Zens, K. D., Zdimerova, H., Mueller, A., Schuhmachers, P., Ligeon, L., Bongiovanni, A., Capaul, R., Zbinden, A., et al. (2021) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2020009482 · Cited by 43
Balancing Cancer Immunotherapy Efficacy and Toxicity
Johnson, D. B., Jakubovic, B. D., Sibaud, V., & Sise, M. E. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.028 · Cited by 46
Self-citationLi, M., Zhao, J., Yang, R., Cai, R., Liu, X., Xie, J., Shu, B., & Qi, S. (2022) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.15303 · Cited by 42
Chen, M., Ma, P., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Yu, Z., Fu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, M., Zhuang, G., & Jing, Y. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-007305 · Cited by 43
Self-citationVillagrán‐García, M., & Velasco, R. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-05920-4 · Cited by 43
Rapoport, B. L., Cooksley, T., Johnson, D. B., Anderson, R., & Shannon, V. R. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1884067 · Cited by 43
Self-citationSingh, Y., Trautwein, C., Romani, J., Salker, M. S., Neckel, P. H., Fraccaroli, I., Abeditashi, M., Woerner, N., Admard, J., Dhariwal, A., et al. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00628-1 · Cited by 41
Peripheral blood immune cell-based biomarkers in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy
Kim, K. H., Kim, C. G., & Shin, E. (2020) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2020.20.e8 · Cited by 37
Biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor response and toxicity: Challenges and opportunities
Goodman, R. S., Jung, S., Balko, J. M., & Johnson, D. B. (2023) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13249 · Cited by 38
Self-citationCancer and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges
Allegra, A., Pioggia, G., Tonacci, A., Musolino, C., & Gangemi, S. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12061581 · Cited by 35
Uncoupling Therapeutic Efficacy from Immune-Related Adverse Events in Immune Checkpoint Blockade
Hu, W., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Riese, M. J., & You, M. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101580 · Cited by 35
Self-citationVolk, V., Theobald, S. J., Danisch, S., Khailaie, S., Kalbarczyk, M., Schneider, A., Bialek-Waldmann, J. K., Krönke, N., Deng, Y., Eiz‐Vesper, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.614876 · Cited by 33
Nannini, S., Koshenkova, L., Baloglu, S., Chaussemy, D., Noël, G., & Schött, R. (2022) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-022-03997-7 · Cited by 36
CD36-BATF2\MYB Axis Predicts Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Response in Gastric Cancer
Jiang, Q., Chen, Z., Meng, F., Zhang, H., Chen, H., Xue, J., Shen, X., Liu, T., Dong, L., Zhang, S., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.87635 · Cited by 32
Predictive biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma
Nebhan, C. A., & Johnson, D. B. (2020) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2020.1724539 · Cited by 31
Self-citationEpstein Barr Virus Exploits Genetic Susceptibility to Increase Multiple Sclerosis Risk
Läderach, F., & Münz, C. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9112191 · Cited by 31
Egami, S., Kawazoe, H., Hashimoto, H., Uozumi, R., Arami, T., Sakiyama, N., Ohe, Y., Nakada, H., Aomori, T., Ikemura, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.618570 · Cited by 30
Bjursten, S., Pandita, A., Zhao, Z., Frojd, C. A., Ny, L., Jensen, C., Ullerstam, T., Jespersen, H., Borén, J., Levin, M. C., et al. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-002732 · Cited by 27
Severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated gastritis: A case series and literature review
Sugiyama, Y., Tanabe, H., Matsuya, T., Kobayashi, Y., Murakami, Y., Sasaki, T., Kunogi, T., Takahashi, K., Ando, K., Ueno, N., et al. (2022) · Endoscopy International Open · doi:10.1055/a-1839-4303 · Cited by 27
Wong, S. K., Beckermann, K. E., Johnson, D. B., & Das, S. (2021) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1080/14712598.2021.1921140 · Cited by 28
Self-citationNeurologic Complications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Thoracic Malignancies
Sechi, E., & Ζεκερίδου, Α. (2020) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.11.005 · Cited by 25
Kubo, T., Hirohashi, Y., Tsukahara, T., Kanaseki, T., Murata, K., Morita, R., & Torigoe, T. (2021) · Immunological Medicine · doi:10.1080/25785826.2021.1976942 · Cited by 25
Next-Generation Neuroimmunology: New Technologies to Understand Central Nervous System Autoimmunity
zu Hörste, G. M., Groß, C. C., Klotz, L., Schwab, N., & Wiendl, H. (2020) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2020.02.005 · Cited by 24
Hu, H., Liu, Y., Tan, S., Xie, X. X., He, J., Luo, F., & Wang, L. (2020) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s243660 · Cited by 23
Cerebellar involvement associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review
Dinoto, A., Mantovani, E., Ferrari, S., Mariotto, S., & Tamburin, S. (2022) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15624 · Cited by 22
Anastasopoulou, A. N., Samarkos, M., Diamantopoulos, P. T., Vourlakou, C., Ziogas, D. C., Avramopoulos, P., Kouzis, P., Haanen, J. B. A. G., & Gogas, H. J. (2023) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad164 · Cited by 22
Beck, E., & Cortese, I. C. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.005 · Cited by 22
Lin, X., Deng, H., Chen, L., Wu, D., Chen, X., Yang, Y., Chen, T., Xie, X., Xie, Z., Liu, M., et al. (2021) · Translational Lung Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tlcr-20-1258 · Cited by 23
COVID-19: The Use of Immunotherapy in Metastatic Lung Cancer
Davis, A. P., Boyer, M. J., Lee, J., & Kao, S. (2020) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt-2020-0096 · Cited by 21
Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome: an evolving story
Jitprapaikulsan, J., Paul, P., Thakolwiboon, S., Mittal, S. O., Pittock, S. J., & Dubey, D. (2021) · Neuro-Oncology Practice · doi:10.1093/nop/npab002 · Cited by 26
Kubo, T., Sugawara, T., Shinkawa, T., Kurisu, T., Kouzen, N., Tanaka, T., Fukuta, F., Yamasaki, K., Sugita, S., Matsuo, K., et al. (2020) · Immunological Medicine · doi:10.1080/25785826.2020.1788229 · Cited by 19
Neurological complications of immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy
Zivelonghi, C., & Ζεκερίδου, Α. (2021) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117424 · Cited by 22
CD4 T cells and toxicity from immune checkpoint blockade
Earland, N. J., Zhang, W., Usmani, A., Nene, A., Bacchiocchi, A., Chen, D. Y., Sznol, M., Halaban, R., Chaudhuri, A. A., & Newman, A. M. (2023) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13248 · Cited by 19
Development of small molecule drugs targeting immune checkpoints
Chen, L., Zhao, X., Liu, X., Ouyang, Y., Xu, C. S., & Shi, Y. K. (2024) · Cancer Biology and Medicine · doi:10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0034 · Cited by 21
Fu, S., Guo, Z., Xu, X., Li, Y., Choi, S. Y. C., Zhao, P., Shen, W., Gao, F., Wang, C., Chen, S., et al. (2024) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-023-03590-5 · Cited by 17
Fan, T. W. ‐., Higashi, R. M., Chernayavskaya, Y., & Lane, A. N. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10060249 · Cited by 16
Neurological adverse events of immune checkpoint blockade: from pathophysiology to treatment
Cuzzubbo, S., & Carpentier, A. F. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001113 · Cited by 14
David, P., Drabczyk-Pluta, M., Pastille, E., Knuschke, T., Werner, T., Honke, N., Megger, D. A., Akhmetzyanova, I., Shaabani, N., Eyking-Singer, A., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008340 · Cited by 13
Glehr, G., Riquelme, P., Zhou, J. Y., Cordero, L., Schilling, H., Kapinsky, M., Schlitt, H. J., Geissler, E. K., Burkhardt, R., Schmidt, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011040 · Cited by 14
Encephalitis as an immune-related adverse event
Suzuki, S. (2020) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2020-323212 · Cited by 13
Lerch, M., & Ramanathan, S. (2025) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2025.101956 · Cited by 12
Co-Stimulatory Molecules during Immune Control of Epstein Barr Virus Infection
Münz, C. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12010038 · Cited by 11
Aran, A., Lázaro, G., Marco, V., Molina, E., Abancó, F., Peg, V., Gión, M., Garrigós, L., Pérez-García, J. M., Cortés, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227766 · Cited by 10
Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders
Ζεκερίδου, Α. (2024) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001449 · Cited by 10
Evangelista, G. F. D. B., Figueiredo, A. B., Silva, M. J. D. B. E., & Gollob, K. J. (2022) · Immunotherapy Advances · doi:10.1093/immadv/ltac008 · Cited by 10
Spatial Omics Sequencing Based on Microfluidic Array Chips
Shi, J., Pan, Y., Liu, X., Cao, W., Mu, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2023) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios13070712 · Cited by 9
TCR sequencing in cancer immunology and immunotherapy: what, when, where, why, and how
Nose, Y., Figueiredo, I., Tuballes, K., Valle, D. M. D., Gonsalves, T. R., Guo, R., Ioannou, G., Cabal, R., Gonzalez‐Kozlova, E., & Gnjatic, S. (2026) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-013499 · Cited by 9
Park, B. J., Stone, C. A., Dewan, A. K., & Johnson, D. B. (2022) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2021.12.006 · Cited by 10
Self-citationKuusisalo, S., Koivunen, J. P., & Iivanainen, S. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14092276 · Cited by 9
Infections Simulating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicities: Uncommon and Deceptive
Gudiol, C., Hicklen, R., Okhyusen, P. C., Malek, A. E., & Kontoyiannis, D. P. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac570 · Cited by 9
Factors associated with immune‑related severe adverse events (Review)
Su, Z., Guan, M., Zhang, L., & Lian, X. (2024) · Molecular and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.3892/mco.2024.2798 · Cited by 8
Buyansky, D., Fallaha, C., Gougeon, F., Pépin, M.-N., Cailhier, J., & Beaubien‐Souligny, W. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease · doi:10.1177/20543581211014745 · Cited by 8
Uribe, F. R., González, V. P. I., Kalergis, A. M., Soto, J. A., & Böhmwald, K. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14010059 · Cited by 8
Selvaraj, C., Rajendran, S., Alothaim, A. S., Vijayakumar, R., Desai, D., Safi, S. Z., & Singh, S. K. (2025) · Chemical Papers · doi:10.1007/s11696-025-04007-6 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, D. B., McDonnell, W. J., Gonzalez-Ericsson, P. I., Al-Rohil, R. N., Mobley, B. C., Salem, J.-E., Wang, D. Y., Sanchez, V., Wang, Y., Chastain, C. A., Barker, K., Liang, Y., Warren, S., Beechem, J. M., Menzies, A. M., Tio, M., Long, G. V., Cohen, J. V., Guidon, A. C., O’Hare, M., Chandra, S., Chowdhary, A., Lebrun-Vignes, B., Goldinger, S. M., Rushing, E. J., Buchbinder, E. I., Mallal, S. A., Shi, C., Xu, Y., Moslehi, J. J., Sanders, M. E., Sosman, J. A., & Balko, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Nanostring Technologies (United States) (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Melanoma Institute Australia (AU)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Douglas B.
- Balko, Justin M.
- ORCID
- Johnson, Douglas B.
- McDonnell, Wyatt J.
- Gonzalez-Ericsson, Paula I.
- Al-Rohil, Rami N.
- Mobley, Bret C.
- Salem, Joe-Elie
- Wang, Daniel Y.
- Sanchez, Violeta
- Wang, Yu
- Chastain, Cody A.
- Liang, Yan
- Warren, Sarah
- Beechem, Joseph M.
- Menzies, Alexander M.
- Tio, Martin
- Long, Georgina V.
- Cohen, Justine V.
- Guidon, Amanda C.
- O’Hare, Méabh
- Chandra, Sunandana
- Goldinger, Simone M.
- Rushing, Elisabeth J.
- Buchbinder, Elizabeth I.
- Mallal, Simon A.
- Shi, Chanjuan
- Xu, Yaomin
- Moslehi, Javid J.
- Sanders, Melinda E.
- Sosman, Jeffrey A.
- Balko, Justin M.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2019-07-22
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1243-1250
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC6689251
- OpenAlex
- W2964133630
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL069765, R01HL141466, K12HL143956, R01HL155990)
- National Cancer Institute (K23CA204726, R00CA181491, R01CA227481, K12CA090625, P30CA068485, P30CA014236)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI110527)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R56DK108352, U24DK059637, R01DK112262)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- anti-PD-1 therapy, immune-related adverse events, Epstein-Barr virus, memory CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, PD-L1, metastatic melanoma, neuroinflammation, pharmacovigilance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Encephalitis, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Young Adult, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
