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A case report of clonal EBV-like memory CD4+ T cell activation in fatal checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalitis
Open accessAbstract
Checkpoint inhibitors produce durable responses in numerous metastatic cancers, but immune-related adverse events (irAEs) complicate and limit their benefit. IrAEs can affect organ systems idiosyncratically; presentations range from mild and self-limited to fulminant and fatal. The molecular mechanisms underlying irAEs are poorly understood. Here, we report a fatal case of encephalitis arising during anti-programmed cell death receptor 1 therapy in a patient with metastatic melanoma. Histologic analyses revealed robust T cell infiltration and prominent programmed death ligand 1 expression. We identified 209 reported cases in global pharmacovigilance databases (across multiple cancer types) of encephalitis associated with checkpoint inhibitor regimens, with a 19% fatality rate. We performed further analyses from the index case and two additional cases to shed light on this recurrent and fulminant irAE. Spatial and multi-omic analyses pinpointed activated memory CD4+ T cells as highly enriched in the inflamed, affected region. We identified a highly oligoclonal T cell receptor repertoire, which we localized to activated memory cytotoxic (CD45RO+GZMB+Ki67+) CD4 cells. We also identified Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell receptors and EBV+ lymphocytes in the affected region, which we speculate contributed to neural inflammation in the index case. Collectively, the three cases studied here identify CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as culprits of checkpoint inhibitor-associated immune encephalitis.
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“CTLA-4 blockade (alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1) produces toxicities in a dose-dependent fashion.22,23”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, D. B., McDonnell, W. J., Gonzalez-Ericsson, P. I., Al-Rohil, R. N., Mobley, B. C., Salem, J.-E., Wang, D. Y., Sanchez, V., Wang, Y., Chastain, C. A., Barker, K., Liang, Y., Warren, S., Beechem, J. M., Menzies, A. M., Tio, M., Long, G. V., Cohen, J. V., Guidon, A. C., O’Hare, M., Chandra, S., Chowdhary, A., Lebrun-Vignes, B., Goldinger, S. M., Rushing, E. J., Buchbinder, E. I., Mallal, S. A., Shi, C., Xu, Y., Moslehi, J. J., Sanders, M. E., Sosman, J. A., & Balko, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- Nanostring Technologies (United States) (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Melanoma Institute Australia (AU)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University Hospital Zurich (CH)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Douglas B.
- Balko, Justin M.
- ORCID
- Johnson, Douglas B.
- McDonnell, Wyatt J.
- Gonzalez-Ericsson, Paula I.
- Al-Rohil, Rami N.
- Mobley, Bret C.
- Salem, Joe-Elie
- Wang, Daniel Y.
- Sanchez, Violeta
- Wang, Yu
- Chastain, Cody A.
- Liang, Yan
- Warren, Sarah
- Beechem, Joseph M.
- Menzies, Alexander M.
- Tio, Martin
- Long, Georgina V.
- Cohen, Justine V.
- Guidon, Amanda C.
- O’Hare, Méabh
- Chandra, Sunandana
- Goldinger, Simone M.
- Rushing, Elisabeth J.
- Buchbinder, Elizabeth I.
- Mallal, Simon A.
- Shi, Chanjuan
- Xu, Yaomin
- Moslehi, Javid J.
- Sanders, Melinda E.
- Sosman, Jeffrey A.
- Balko, Justin M.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2019-07-22
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1243-1250
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC6689251
- OpenAlex
- W2964133630
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL069765, R01HL141466, K12HL143956, R01HL155990)
- National Cancer Institute (K23CA204726, R00CA181491, R01CA227481, K12CA090625, P30CA068485, P30CA014236)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI110527)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R56DK108352, U24DK059637, R01DK112262)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- anti-PD-1 therapy, immune-related adverse events, Epstein-Barr virus, memory CD4+ T cells, cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, PD-L1, metastatic melanoma, neuroinflammation, pharmacovigilance
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Encephalitis, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Middle Aged, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Young Adult, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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