Identity domains capture individual differences from across the behavioral repertoire
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Abstract
Personality traits can offer considerable insight into the biological basis of individual differences. However, existing approaches toward understanding personality across species rely on subjective criteria and limited sets of behavioral readouts, which result in noisy and often inconsistent outcomes. Here we introduce a mathematical framework for describing individual differences along dimensions with maximum consistency and discriminative power. We validate this framework in mice, using data from a system for high-throughput longitudinal monitoring of group-housed male mice that yields a variety of readouts from across the behavioral repertoire of individual animals. We demonstrate a set of stable traits that capture variability in behavior and gene expression in the brain, allowing for better-informed mechanistic investigations into the biology of individual differences.
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The authors previously developed an experimental system that allows animals to behave freely in a large enriched environment while their location is tracked automatically over days and dozens of behavioral readouts are extracted.
“we previously developed an experimental system that allows animals to behave freely in a large environment, enriched with hiding places, elevated platforms, bedding, feeders, and water sources, while their location is tracked automatically over days, and dozens of behavioral readouts are extracted”
From Wireless Optogenetic Stimulation of Oxytocin Neurons in a Semi-natural Setup Dynamically Elevates Both Pro-social and Agonistic Behaviors (2020) · cites this paper as Forkosh et al., 2019
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Sexually divergent effects of social dominance on chronic stress outcomes in micePreprint
Karamihalev, S., Brivio, E., Flachskamm, C., Stoffel, R., Schmidt, M. V., & Chen, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.02.04.933481 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PRECOMMENTARY: Animal personality needs animal sentience
Adolphs, R., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1843 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Individual differences drive social hierarchies in male mouse societiesPreprint
Reinwald, J., Ghanayem, S., Wolf, D., Scheller, M. F., Lebedeva, J., Lebhardt, P., Gölz, O., Nelias, C., & Kelsch, W. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.109354 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adolescent sleep molds adult social preferences
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Neuropsychiatric research in 2023: mechanisms of stress and therapies
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Computational behavior analysis takes on drug development
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Copy number variation in small nucleolar RNAs regulates personality behaviorPreprint
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Group social dynamics in a semi-natural setup reveal an adaptive value for aggression in male micePreprint
Anpilov, S., Shemesh, Y., Benjamin, A., Biagini, T., Sztainberg, Y., Richter-Levin, A., Forkosh, O., & Chen, A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.25.591070 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sanguino‐Gómez, J., Güçlü, U., Krugers, H. J., & Lozano, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.01.673507 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pharmacological Inhibition of FKBP51 Mitigates Early Life Adversity-Induced Social DeficitsPreprint
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Exploring individual differences through network topologyPreprint
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The Study of Emotion in Other Animals
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Animal models in psychedelic research – Tripping over translationPreprint
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- Authors
- Forkosh, O., Karamihalev, S., Roeh, S., Alon, U., Anpilov, S., Touma, C., Nussbaumer, M., Flachskamm, C., Kaplick, P. M., Shemesh, Y., & Chen, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Osnabrück University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Alon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-11-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2023-2028
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2986988144
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pratt Foundation
- Perlman Family Foundation
- International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KU1501A)
- Israel Science Foundation (1565/15, 1916/12)
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Ministry of Health, State of Israel
- International Max Planck Research School for Advanced Methods in Process and Systems Engineering
- Israeli Centers for Research Excellence (1916/12)
- Planning and Budgeting Committee of the Council for Higher Education of Israel
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (260463)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- individual differences, personality traits, identity domains, behavioral repertoire, mathematical framework, group-housed mice, gene expression, brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Hierarchy, Social, Individuality, Male, Models, Theoretical, Personality, Social Behavior, Mice
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