Flexible and Self-Healing Aqueous Supercapacitors for Low Temperature Applications: Polyampholyte Gel Electrolytes with Biochar Electrodes
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A flexible and self-healing supercapacitor with high energy density in low temperature operation was fabricated using a combination of biochar-based composite electrodes and a polyampholyte hydrogel electrolyte. Polyampholytes, a novel class of tough hydrogel, provide self-healing ability and mechanical flexibility, as well as low temperature operation for the aqueous electrolyte. Biochar is a carbon material produced from the low-temperature pyrolysis of biological wastes; the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide conferred mechanical integrity and electrical conductivity and hence the electrodes are called biochar-reduced-graphene-oxide (BC-RGO) electrodes. The fabricated supercapacitor showed high energy density of 30 Wh/kg with ~90% capacitance retention after 5000 charge–discharge cycles at room temperature at a power density of 50 W/kg. At −30 °C, the supercapacitor exhibited an energy density of 10.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 500 W/kg. The mechanism of the low-temperature performance excellence is likely to be associated with the concept of non-freezable water near the hydrophilic polymer chains, which can motivate future researches on the phase behaviour of water near polyampholyte chains. We conclude that the combination of the BC-RGO electrode and the polyampholyte hydrogel electrolyte is promising for supercapacitors for flexible electronics and for low temperature environments.
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Geobattery theory on natural pyrogenic carbon holds that phenolic -OH and quinoid C=O can undergo electron-mediated transformation, indicating the electron-donating ability of phenolic -OH.
“Recently, the discovery of 'geobattery' theory (reversible functional interspecies conversion) on natural pyrogenic carbon, whereby phenolic -OH and quinoid C=O can undergo electronmediated transformation, further indicates the electron donating ability of phenolic -OH.105,106”
From Sustainable remediation with an electroactive biochar system: mechanisms and perspectives (2020) · cites this paper as [106]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, X., Ok, Y. S., Elliott, J. A. W., Chang, S. X., & Chung, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Kangwon National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Chung, Hyun-Joong
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-05-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1685-1685
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5431763
- OpenAlex
- W2610557054
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 5.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Alberta
- Canada Research Chairs
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (140186_1)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (435914, CHRPJ 478519, RGPIN 435914)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced battery technologies research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › MXene and MAX Phase Materials
- Keywords
- aqueous supercapacitors, self-healing hydrogels, biochar electrodes, reduced graphene oxide, low-temperature performance, flexible energy storage, non-freezable water, energy density, cycling stability, flexible electronics
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