Combined serum levels of multiple proteins in tPA-BDNF pathway may aid the diagnosis of five mental disorders
Open accessAbstract
Mental disorders are severe, disabling conditions with unknown etiology and are commonly misdiagnosed when clinical symptomology criteria are solely used. Our previous work indicated that combination of serum levels of multiple proteins in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway improved accuracy of diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here, we measured serum levels of tPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), BDNF, precursor-BDNF (proBDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) and neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) in patients with paranoid schizophrenia (SZ, n = 34), MDD (n = 30), bipolar mania (BM, n = 30), bipolar depression (BD, n = 22), panic disorder (PD, n = 30), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 30) by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to analyze diagnostic potential of these proteins. We found, compared with HCs, that serum tPA and proBDNF were lower in SZ, BM and BD; TrkB was lower in SZ and BD; and p75NTR was declined in SZ and BM. ROC analysis showed that combined serum level of tPA, PAI-1, BDNF, proBDNF, TrkB and p75NTR was better than any single protein in accuracy of diagnosis and differentiation, suggesting that the combination of multiple serum proteins levels in tPA-BDNF pathway may have a potential for a diagnostic panel in mental disorders.
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In humans, BDNF is known to be a useful biomarker for several psychiatric disorders.
“In humans, BDNF is known to be a useful biomarker for several psychiatric disorders [54].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
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“The PAS may interact with BDNF signaling pathways, potentially influencing BDNF expression and activity [10,40]. uPA and tPA may modulate BDNF levels either directly or indirectly through their effects on synaptic plasticity [41].”
Biomarkers in Schizophrenia: Current Approaches and New Developments—A Literature Review
Sierakowska, A., Niewiadomska, E., Łabuda, S., Bieniasiewicz, A., Roszak, M. Ł., & Labuz-Roszak, B. M. (2025) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/bn/2991323 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Values of p75NTR ECD concentrations were signi fi cantly lower in SZ patients compared to healthy subjects [53].”
Pascual, J., Recarte, P. P., Morales-Camino, J. C., Romero, C., Hernández-Martín, C., Bravo, C., Buján, J., Álvarez‐Mon, M., Ortega, M. A., & León-Luis, J. A. D. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58020178 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“On the other hand, since the origin of neonatal BDNF in cord blood is believed to be a reflection of brain levels in animal studies [30], there are publications in the medical literature that assess BDNF levels as a predictor of behavior diseases [31] and its role in major depression, autism spectrum disorders and deg…”
BackgroundYeşilkaya, Ü. H., Gıca, Ş., Menekseoglu, P. O., Taşdemir, B. G., Cirakli, Z., & Karamustafalıoğlu, N. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-022-03054-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Relationship between BDNF and oxytocin
Marazziti, D., Baroni, S., Mucci, F., Palego, L., Arone, A., Betti, L., Palermo, S., Giannaccini, G., Carbone, M. G., & Dell’Osso, L. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100207 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Since in different psychiatric disorders significant changes of BDNF levels have been described, currently, it is considered an interesting biomarker [6,7].”
BackgroundThe forensic aspects of suicide and neurotrophin factors: a research study
Simone, S. D., Alfieri, L., Bosco, M. A., Cantatore, S., Carpinteri, M., Cipolloni, L., & Neri, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1392832 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chandra, J. J. (2024) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100796 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…et al., 2023), other studies report no changes in p75 protein in the plasma of schizophrenia patients compared to controls (Haack et al., 1999; Yesilkaya et al., 2022), with some reporting lower serum levels of p75 receptor protein (Zakharyan et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017; Turhan et al., 2016).”
ResultAbdullahi, A., Wong, T. W. L., & Ng, S. S. M. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.10.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suleymanova, E. M., & Karan, A. A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262210893 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, the results of another study showed no increase in either tPA or PAI-1 plasma levels in patients with panic disorder [255].”
Gu, J.-Y., Kang, J.-Y., Lee, W.-Y., Hwang, S., Lee, J.-S., & Son, C. (2025) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/08923973.2025.2600952 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kusuma, R. M., Amelia, V. L., Phiri, D., & Chung, M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120953 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fleury, S., Schnitzer, M. E., Ledoux-Hutchinson, L., Boukhatem, I., Bélanger, J.-C., Welman, M., Busseuil, D., Tardif, J., D’Antono, B., & Lordkipanidzé, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.821865 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Conversely, reduced circulating levels are reported in schizophrenia, and bipolar mania (Zakharyan et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017).”
BackgroundLi, R., Li, J., Ji, S. S., Li, D., Chu, L., Zhang, J., Sun, X., Luο, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s502176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A previous study showed that serum TrkB levels were lower in BD patient than in HCs, 57 and these levels might be associated with manic and depressive-like behaviors in BD. 28 The serum TrkB levels may distinguish BD from panic disorder (PD) and SCZ, 57 suggesting that TrkB is a key biomarker in BD.”
Self-citationCoping Styles and Defense Mechanisms in Healthy Young Adults—Correlations with tPA-BDNF Pathway
Pilecka, J., Wojciechowski, J., Bargieł, W., Terczynska, M., Zakowicz, P. T., Bojarski, D., Wasicka-Przewoźna, K., & Skibińska, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15060575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that rather than relying on a single protein, examining the correlation between different proteins or the profiles of multiple proteins may be more effective for this purpose [47].”
Wang, P., Wang, T., Wang, Y. C., Li, H., Qiu, J., Hu, J., & Zhu, S. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBiomarkers in bipolar disorder: an overview
Salagre, E., & Vieta, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821398-8.00012-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yeşilkaya, Ü. H., Gıca, Ş., Karamustafalıoğlu, N., Guney, B., & Menekseoglu, P. O. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.378
Santos, L. R. A. C., Ambrosano, G. M. B., Ambrosano, G. B., Taíra, A., Possobon, R. D. F., Meneghim, M. D. C., & Cortellazzi, K. L. (2024) · Bioscience Journal · doi:10.14393/bj-v40n0a2024-66942
Fedorenko, O. Y., Boiko, A. S., Kornetova, E. G., Ivanova, S. А., & Bokhan, N. A. (2025) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2025-4-1156
Trafic neuronal de l’activateur tissulaire du plasminogène (tPA)
Lenoir, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a417b9f7z899ez45afz9387z6cddae74df86
“Il a également été retrouvé chez des patients atteints de maladies neuropsychologiques telles que la dépression majeure, la schizophrénie et les troubles bipolaires, une diminution des quantités de tPA et de BDNF dans le sérum des patients (Chen et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBahí, A., & Dreyer, J. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07091-y
- Authors
- Chen, S., Jiang, H., Liu, Y., Hou, Z., Yue, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, F., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Mou, X., Li, L., Wang, T., Zhao, J., Han, C., Sui, Y., Wang, M., Yang, Z., Lu, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, J., Shen, X., Sun, F., Chen, Q., Chen, H., & Yuan, Y.
- Affiliations
- Zhongda Hospital Southeast University (CN)
- Nanjing Brain Hospital (CN)
- Third People's Hospital of Huzhou (CN)
- Taizhou Second People's Hospital (CN)
- Southwest University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yuan, Yonggui
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-07-31
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6871-6871
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5537244
- OpenAlex
- W2738188745
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2242016K41053, 81301167, 81071101, 81571330)
- Southeast University
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242016K41053)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- serum biomarkers, psychiatric diagnosis, paranoid schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar mania, bipolar depression, panic disorder, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, TrkB, p75 neurotrophin receptor, diagnostic panel, combined biomarker detection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Middle Aged, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Receptor, trkB
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