Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Waraich, Paul; Goldner, Elliot M; Somers, Julian M; Hsu, Lorena

doi:10.1177/070674370404900208

Cited by 522Mental Health Treatment and AccessBipolar Disorder and TreatmentTreatment of Major Depression

Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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Waraich, Paul, Goldner, Elliot M, Somers, Julian M, Hsu, Lorena·2004·The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1177/070674370404900208

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Abstract

This is the second in a series of papers that present systematic reviews of the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders drawn from studies published in English literature in the years 1980 to 2000. The series discusses the implications of these epidemiologic findings to mental health policy and practice. Objective: To present the results of a systematic review of literature published between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 2000, that reports findings on the prevalence and incidence of mood disorders in both general population and primary care settings. Method: We conducted a literature search of epidemiologic studies of mood disorders, using Medline and HealthSTAR databases and canvassing English-language publications. Eligible publications were restricted to studies that examined subjects aged at least 15 years and over. We used a set of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify relevant studies. We extracted and analyzed prevalence and incidence data for heterogeneity. Results: Of general population studies, a total of 18 prevalence and 5 incidence studies met eligibility criteria. We found heterogeneity across 1-year and lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder, and bipolar I disorder. The corresponding pooled rates for 1-year prevalence were 4.1 per 100, 2.0 per 100, and 0.72 per 100, respectively. For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0.8 per 100, respectively. Significant variation was observed among 1-year incidence rates of MDD, with a corresponding pooled rate of 2.9 per 100. Conclusions: The prevalence of mood disorders reported in high-quality studies is generally lower than rates commonly reported in the general psychiatric literature. When controlled for common methodological confounds, variation in prevalence rates persists across studies and deserves continued study. Methodological variation among studies that have examined the prevalence of depression in primary health care services is so large that comparative analyses cannot be achieved.

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Depression is more common in RA than in the general population.
“Depression is more common in RA than in the general population [1]”
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Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general and working population.
“Depressive disorders are highly prevalent in the general [1-3] and working [4,5] population and lead to excessive costs [6,7].”
From Short-Term Effects of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [3]
These prevalence estimates are considerably higher than those observed in the general population and are similar to, or higher than, those observed in patients with diabetes, Parkinson's disease and cancer.
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From The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2013) · cites this paper as [1]

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BackgroundResultInfluential
Lifetime Prevalence of Psychotic and Bipolar I Disorders in a General Population
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., Saarni, S. I., Kuoppasalmi, K. I., Isometsä, E. T., Pirkola, S. P., Partonen, T., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Hintikka, J., Kieseppä, T., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
“However, general population studies using fully structured interviews (CIDI) to diagnose BPI disorder have found LTPs twice as high as studies using other diagnostic instruments.(18) This is explainable by the falsepositive diagnoses produced by the CIDI.”
Result
Prevalence of depression in chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Palmer, S., Vecchio, M., Craig, J. C., Tonelli, M., Johnson, D. W., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Saglimbene, V., Logroscino, G., Fishbane, S., et al. (2013) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2013.77 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Matcham, F., Rayner, L., Steer, S., & Hotopf, M. (2013) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket169 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta‐analysis of diagnostic interviews and self‐report instruments
Krebber, A. M. H., Buffart, L. M., Kleijn, G., Riepma, I. C., de Bree, R., Leemans, C. R., Becker, A., Brug, J., van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P., et al. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3409 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
“Clearly, the prevalence of a major depressive disorder in cancer patients is much higher compared with the 4% found in the general population [38].”
Background
Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines
Anderson, I. M., Ferrier, I. N., Baldwin, R., Cowen, P. J., Howard, L. M., Lewis, G., Matthews, K., McAllister-Williams, H., Peveler, R. C., Scott, J. L., et al. (2008) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881107088441 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Influence of Tryptophan and Serotonin on Mood and Cognition with a Possible Role of the Gut-Brain Axis
Jenkins, T., Nguyen, J., Polglaze, K., & Bertrand, P. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8010056 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
“Lowered mood is one of the major symptoms of depression, an affective disorder which is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting approximately 20% of the world’s population [15].”
Background
Drug resistance in brain diseases and the role of drug efflux transporters
Löscher, W., & Potschka, H. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1728 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines
Cleare, A., Pariante, C., Young, A., Anderson, I., Christmas, D., Cowen, P., Dickens, C., Ferrier, I., Geddes, J., Gilbody, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881115581093 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
“In a meta-analysis of 23 prevalence and incidence studies (Waraich et al., 2004) the best-estimate pooled rates for 1-year and lifetime prevalence of major depression were found to be 4.”
Background
Depression and anxiety in long-term cancer survivors compared with spouses and healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mitchell, A. J., Ferguson, D. W., Gill, J., Paul, J., & Symonds, P. (2013) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70244-4 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Comorbidities and Mortality in Bipolar Disorder: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A., & Sundquist, J. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1394 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes
Bello, A. K., Okpechi, I. G., Osman, M. A., Cho, Y., Htay, H., Jha, V., Wainstein, M., & Johnson, D. W. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00542-7 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 1: Update 2013 on the acute and continuation treatment of unipolar depressive disorders
Bauer, M., Pfennig, A., Severus, E., Whybrow, P. C., Angst, J., Möller, H.-J., & Šon behalf of the Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders (2013) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2013.804195 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
“MDD has a median lifetime prevalence of 16.1% (range 4.4 – 18) (Wittchen 2000; Waraich et al. 2004; Wittchen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Cuijpers, P., Geraedts, A. S., van Oppen, P., Andersson, G., Markowitz, J. C., & van Straten, A. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10101411 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
“Unipolar depressive disorders have a high prevalence (1, 2) and incidence (3), and they meaningfully impair quality of life for patients and their relatives (4, 5).”
Background
REM sleep dysregulation in depression: state of the art
Palagini, L., Baglioni, C., Ciapparelli, A., Gemignani, A., & Riemann, D. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.11.001 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care
Bauer, M., Bschor, T., Pfennig, A., Whybrow, P. C., Angst, J., Versiani, M., Möller, H., & WFSBP Task Force on Unipolar Depres (2007) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970701227829 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
“Dysthymia is a relatively common disorder with a median point prevalence of 2.1% across studies worldwide (Wittchen 2000; Waraich et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prevalence, comorbidity, and service utilization for mood disorders in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century
Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Preventing the Onset of Depressive Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Psychological Interventions
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Smit, F., Mihalopoulos, C., & Beekman, A. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07091422 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“Depressive disorders are highly prevalent (1, 2) and have a high incidence (3), and they are associated with a substantial loss of quality of life for patients and their relatives (4, 5), increased mortality rates (6), high levels of service use, and enormous economic costs (7–9).”
The Burden of Mental Disorders
Eaton, W. W., Martins, S. S., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Clarke, D. E., & Alexandre, P. K. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn011 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
“(22), who searched for studies from 1980 through 2000, finding 13 that met their criteria.”
BackgroundInfluential
Descriptive Epidemiology of Major Depression in Canada
Patten, S. B., Wang, J. L., Williams, J. V., Currie, S., Beck, C. A., Maxwell, C. J., & el-Guebaly, N. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100204 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
“2 (10) have been higher than expected according to published structured reviews (11).”
Background
Prevalence, associations, and adequacy of treatment of major depression in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected clinical data
Walker, J., Hansen, C. H., Martin, P., Symeonides, S., Ramessur, R., Murray, G., & Sharpe, M. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70313-x · Cited by 435 · see citing works
“26,28 Perhaps our most important ﬁ nding was that most cancer outpatients with depression were not in receipt of potentially eﬀ ective treatment for their depression.”
Rheumatoid arthritis and depression: an inflammatory perspective
Nerurkar, L., Siebert, S., McInnes, I. B., & Cavanagh, J. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30255-4 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies
Yatham, L. N., Kennedy, S. H., O'Donovan, C., Parikh, S., MacQueen, G., McIntyre, R., Sharma, V., Silverstone, P., Alda, M., Baruch, P., et al. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00219.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: From monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model-Are we there yet?
Jesulola, E., Micalos, P., & Baguley, I. J. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.025 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Preventing Depression: A Global Priority
Cuijpers, P., Beekman, A. T. F., & Reynolds, C. F. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.271 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Psychoeducational treatment and prevention of depression: The “coping with depression” course thirty years later
Cuijpers, P., Muñoz, R. F., Clarke, G. N., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.04.005 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Do guided internet-based interventions result in clinically relevant changes for patients with depression? An individual participant data meta-analysis
Karyotaki, E., Ebert, D. D., Donkin, L., Riper, H., Twisk, J., Burger, S., Rozental, A., Lange, A., Williams, A. D., Zarski, A. C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.007 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Hypertension
Li, Z., Li, Y., Chen, L., Chen, P., & Hu, Y. (2015) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000001317 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“It is estimated that depression affects 350 million people around the world,(1) with a lifetime risk of 7%.(2) It will be likely to increase 5.”
Background
Bipolar disorder prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature
Clemente, A. S., Diniz, B. S., Nicolato, R., Kapczinski, F. P., Soares, J. C., Firmo, J. O. A., & Costa, E. (2015) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1693 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease: Similarities and Differences in Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Management
Shirazian, S., Grant, C. D., Aina, O., Mattana, J., Khorassani, F., & Ricardo, A. C. (2016) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2016.09.005 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
International incidence of psychotic disorders, 2002–17: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jongsma, H. E., Turner, C., Kirkbride, J. B., & Jones, P. B. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30056-8 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study
Naser, A. Y., Hameed, A. N., Mustafa, N., Alwafi, H. H., Dahmash, E. Z., Alyami, H. S., & Khalil, H. Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.585534 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Efficacy of Bright Light Treatment, Fluoxetine, and the Combination in Patients With Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Lam, R. W., Levitt, A. J., Levitan, R. D., Michalak, E. E., Cheung, A. H., Morehouse, R., Ramasubbu, R., Yatham, L. N., & Tam, E. M. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2235 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to (1) light monotherapy (active 10 000-lux fluorescent white light box for 30 min/d in the early morning plus placebo pill); (2) antidepressant monotherapy (inactive negative ion generator for 30 min/d plus fluoxetine hydrochloride, 20 mg/d); (3) combination light and ant…”
Method
The relationship between chronotype and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis
Au, J., & Reece, J. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.021 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Insomnia and hypersomnia in major depressive episode: Prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity in a population-based study
Geoffroy, P. A., Hoertel, N., Étain, B., Bellivier, F., Delorme, R., Limosin, F., & Peyre, H. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.032 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Investigations of HPA function and the enduring consequences of stressors in adolescence in animal models
McCormick, C. M., Mathews, I. Z., Thomas, C., & Waters, P. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.003 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of recurrent major depressive disorder in two European case–control cohorts
Muglia, P., Tozzi, F., Galwey, N. W., Francks, C., Upmanyu, R., Kong, X., Antoniades, A., Domenici, E., Perry, J., Rothen, S., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.131 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Blanck, P., Perleth, S., Heidenreich, T., Kröger, P., Ditzen, B., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.12.002 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Four decades of outcome research on psychotherapies for adult depression: an overview of a series of meta-analyses.
Cuijpers, P. (2017) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000096 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Evidence‐based treatment of depression in patients with cancer
Li, M., Fitzgerald, P., & Rodin, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2011.39.7372 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“These rates are at least three times as common as those found in the general population.(8) A majority of patients with subthreshold or minor depression do not progress to major depression, although both major and minor depression are associated with significant impairment of well-being and quality of life.”
Background
Symptoms of depression and anxiety predict treatment response and long-term physical health outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Matcham, F., Norton, S., Scott, D. L., Steer, S. E., & Hotopf, M. H. (2015) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev306 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Depressive disorders and the menopause transition
Llaneza, P., García‐Portilla, M. P., Llaneza-Suárez, D., Armott, B., & Pérez-López, F. R. (2011) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.11.017 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for detection of major depressive disorder in primary care: consequences of current thresholds in a crosssectional study
Zuithoff, N. P., Vergouwe, Y., King, M., Nazareth, I., van Wezep, M. J., Moons, K. G., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-98 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Second, the prevalence of major depressive disorder in this study was relatively high [30-32].”
Background
Prévalence et comorbidité des troubles psychiatriques dans la population générale française : résultats de l’étude épidémiologique ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000/ (ESEMeD)
Lepine, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Negre-pages, L., Nachbaur, G., & Gaudin, A. (2005) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(05)82385-1 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Validity of the assessment of bipolar spectrum disorders in the WHO CIDI 3.0
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Guyer, M. E., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Merikangas, K. R., & Stang, P. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.018 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“With regard to CIDI-SCID concordance, the results show that concordanxce is considerably higher for the classification of BP-I than BP-II, but that a highly accurate classification can be J Affect Disord.”
BackgroundInfluential
Therapeutic Options for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Shelton, R. C., Osuntokun, O. O., Heinloth, A. N., & Corya, S. A. (2010) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11530280-000000000-00000 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Pathogenetic and Therapeutic Applications of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Ma, K., Zhang, H., & Baloch, Z. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17050733 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Depression and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality: Evidence From the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom Prospective Cohort Study
Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., Bingham, S. A., & Khaw, K. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07061018 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
A 3‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states
McIntyre, R. S., Cohen, M., Zhao, J., Alphs, L. D., Macek, T. A., & Panagides, J. (2009) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00748.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Depression as a Risk Factor for the Initial Presentation of Twelve Cardiac, Cerebrovascular, and Peripheral Arterial Diseases: Data Linkage Study of 1.9 Million Women and Men
Daskalopoulou, M., George, J., Walters, K. R., Osborn, D., Batty, G. D., Stogiannis, D., Rapsomaniki, E., Pujades‐Rodríguez, M., Denaxas, S., Udumyan, R., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153838 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“5 times greater prevalence rates of depression compared to men,[14] previous investigations have been too small to examine gender modification in any associations with cardiovascular disease.”
Result
Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review
Rucker, J., Jelen, L. A., Flynn, S. K., Frowde, K., & Young, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116679368 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“The lifetime prevalence of MDD and PDD are conservatively estimated to be 6.7% and 3.6% respectively (Waraich et al., 2004) and UMD is estimated to become the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020, second only to heart disease (Murray and Lopez, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
Levels of Severity of Depressive Symptoms Among At-Risk Groups in the UK During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Iob, E., Frank, P., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26064 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
From the stressed adolescent to the anxious and depressed adult: Investigations in rodent models
McCormick, C. M., & Green, M. R. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.063 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The risk for depression in adolescent girls and women is about twice as high as for boys and men (Bland, 1997; Waraich et al., 2004).”
Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., van Schaik, A., & Andersson, G. (2009) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp09x395139 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Association of late-life depression with cognitive impairment: evidence from a cross-sectional study among older adults in India
Muhammad, T., & Meher, T. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02314-7 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“However, these rates are even higher in clinical settings [12].”
Background
Recent trends in the incidence of recorded depression in primary care
Rait, G., Walters, K., Griffin, M., Buszewicz, M., Petersen, I., & Nazareth, I. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058636 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Head and Neck Cancer Survivorship: Learning the Needs, Meeting the Needs.
Ringash, J., Bernstein, L., Devins, G., Dunphy, C., Giuliani, M., Martino, R., & McEwen, S. (2018) · Seminars in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.08.008 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Depression and suicidal behavior in acne patients treated with isotretinoin: a systematic review
Marqueling, A. L., & Zane, L. T. (2005) · Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.sder.2005.04.003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Prevalence of Co-Occurring Substance Use and other Mental Disorders in the Canadian Population
Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Bassani, D., Castel, S., Wild, T. C., Strike, C., Kimberley, D., & Somers, J. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805301206 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“This might have resulted from the exclusion of several disorders known to be highly comorbid with SUDs.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
The epidemiology of eating disorders: genetic, environmental, and societal factors
Hay, P., & Mitchison, D. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s40841 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“18, ,30, 18–34, 25–44, ,45 years (12) Sex 39 34 58 Female sex (58) Ethnicity/race 18 31 16 white (3), Black (3), Romanian (3), Hispanic (3), Maori or Pacific Islander (2), Asian (1), minority (1) Education level 16 15 8 Lower educational attainment (4); higher educational attainment (4) Socioeconomic status 10 16 6 Lo…”
Does Internet-based guided-self-help for depression cause harm? An individual participant data meta-analysis on deterioration rates and its moderators in randomized controlled trials
Ebert, D. D., Donkin, L., Andersson, G., Andrews, G., Berger, T., Carlbring, P., Rozenthal, A., Choi, I., Laferton, J. A. C., Johansson, R., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001562 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not only highly prevalent (Alonso et al. 2004; Waraich et al. 2004; Kessler et al. 2005; Wittchen et al. 2011; Rozental et al. 2014) but also associated with substantial impairment * Address for correspondence: D. D. Ebert, Ph.D., Friedrich Alexander University…”
Background
Frontal and right temporal activations correlate negatively with depression severity during verbal fluency task: A multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study
Noda, T., Yoshida, S., Matsuda, T., Okamoto, N., Sakamoto, K., Koseki, S., Numachi, Y., Matsushima, E., Kunugi, H., & Higuchi, T. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The prevalence of depression in axial spondyloarthritis and its association with disease activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhao, S. S., Thong, D., Miller, N., Duffield, S. J., Hughes, D. M., Chadwick, L., & Goodson, N. J. (2018) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1644-6 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Effect of psychotherapy for depression on quality of life: meta-analysis
Kolovos, S., Kleiboer, A., & Cuijpers, P. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.175059 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mirtazapine: A Review of its Use in Major Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Croom, K. F., Perry, C. M., & Plosker, G. L. (2009) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200923050-00006 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Major Depression as a Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure: Epidemiologic Evidence From a National Longitudinal Study
Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., Campbell, N. R. C., Eliasziw, M., & Campbell, T. S. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181988e5f · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“high-quality studies by Waraich and colleagues (20).”
State and trait anxiety and depression in patients affected by gastrointestinal diseases: psychometric evaluation of 1641 patients referred to an internal medicine outpatient setting: Affective disorders in gastrointestinal diseases
Addolorato, G., Mirijello, A., D’Angelo, C., Leggio, L., Ferrulli, A., Abenavoli, L., Vonghia, L., Cardone, S., Leso, V., Cossari, A., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01763.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Pediatric Acute Care Nurses
Czaja, A. S., Moss, M. M., & Mealer, M. L. (2011) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2011.04.024 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Prevalence of depression morbidity among Brazilian adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Silva, M. T., Galvão, T. F., Martins, S. S., & Pereira, M. G. (2014) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1294 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Community Survey of Bipolar Disorder in Canada: Lifetime Prevalence and Illness Characteristics
Schaffer, A., Cairney, J., Cheung, A., Veldhuizen, S., & Levitt, A. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100104 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Janssens, K. A. M., Zijlema, W. L., Joustra, M. L., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000161 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“All analyses were adjusted for age and sex because they are known to be related to both FSSs (7,23,24) and psychiatric disorders (25,26).”
Method
Social inequality in the prevalence of depressive disorders
Andersen, I., Thielen, K., Nygaard, E., & Diderichsen, F. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.082719 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder: A summary of preclinical, clinical and translational findings
Brunoni, A. R., Ferrucci, R., Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., & Priori, A. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.016 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, chronic and prevalent psychiatric illness, with community-based surveys showing a lifetime prevalence ranging from 6 to 12%, and an annual prevalence of 3–11% worldwide (Andrade et al., 2003; Kessler et al., 2005; Waraich et al., 2004).”
Seasonality and symptoms of depression: A systematic review of the literature
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Review Paper Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Waraich, P. S., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M., & Hsu, L. (2014)
Self-citation
Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature
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Authors: Waraich, P., Goldner, E. M., Somers, J. M., & Hsu, L.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Waraich, Paul
ORCID: Somers, Julian M
Venue: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2004-02
Volume: 49
Issue: 2
Pages: 124-138
ISSN: 0706-7437 (ISSN-L)
1497-0015
DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900208
OpenAlex: W4237251694
Cited by: 522
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 1.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Health, British Columbia
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords: mood disorders, prevalence, incidence, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar I disorder, primary care, lifetime prevalence, methodological heterogeneity
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Bipolar Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Incidence, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders

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Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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