Mimicking Embedded Vasculature Structure for 3D Cancer on a Chip Approaches through Micromilling
Open accessAbstract
The ability for cells to sense and respond to microenvironmental signals is influenced by their three dimensional (3D) surroundings, which includes the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the 3D environment, vascular structures supply cells with nutrients and oxygen thus affecting cell responses such as motility. Interpretation of cell motility studies though is often restricted by the applied approaches such as 2D conventional soft lithography methods that have rectangular channel cross-sectional morphology. To better simulate cell responses to vascular supply in 3D, we developed a cell on a chip system with microfluidic channels with curved cross-sections embedded within a 3D collagen matrix that emulates anatomical vasculature more closely than inorganic polymers, thus to mimic a more physiologically relevant 3D cellular environment. To accomplish this, we constructed perfusable microfluidic channels by embedding sacrificial circular gelatin vascular templates in collagen, which were removed through temperature control. Motile breast cancer cells were pre-seeded into the collagen matrix and when presented with a controlled chemical stimulation from the artificial vasculature, they migrated towards the vasculature structure. We believe this innovative vascular 3D ECM system can be used to provide novel insights into cellular dynamics during multidirectional chemokineses and chemotaxis that exist in cancer and other diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Through precise microfluidic designs, microfluidic devices can reconstruct physiological dynamic characteristics in tissues, such as physiological flow, shear stress, nutrient delivery, and drug action, in a controllable environment.
“Through precise microfluidic designs, microfluidic devices can reconstruct physiological dynamic characteristics in tissues, such as physiological flow, shear stress, nutrient delivery, and drug action, in a controllable environment, providing a platform for cell culture, microenvironment creation, and organ simulation or in vitro assessment of organ tissue60–67.”
From Tumor-on-a-chip: from bioinspired design to biomedical application (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factors for the Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Locatelli, F., Fishbane, S. N., Block, G. A., & Macdougall, I. C. (2017) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000455166 · Cited by 4,834 · see citing works
THE CHEMOTACTIC EFFECT OF MIXTURES OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN ON POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
BOYDEN, S. V. (1962) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.115.3.453 · Cited by 2,732 · see citing works
Soft Lithography in Biology and Biochemistry
Whitesides, G. M., Ostuni, E., Takayama, S., Jiang, X., & Ingber, D. E. (2001) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.335 · Cited by 2,603 · see citing works
Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues
Kolesky, D. B., Homan, K. A., Skylar-Scott, M. A., & Lewis, J. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521342113 · Cited by 1,492 · see citing works
Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression
Provenzano, P. P., Inman, D. R., Eliceiri, K. W., Knittel, J. G., Yan, L., Rueden, C., White, J. G., & Keely, P. J. (2008) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-6-11 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets
Luster, A. D., Alon, R., & von Andrian, U. H. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1275 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Goel, H. L., & Mercurio, A. M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3627 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Hypoxia-Induced Angiogenesis: Good and Evil
Krock, B. L., Skuli, N., & Simon, M. C. (2011) · Genes & Cancer · doi:10.1177/1947601911423654 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Zaman, M. H., Trapani, L. M., Sieminski, A. L., MacKellar, D. C., Gong, H., Kamm, R. D., Wells, A. H., Lauffenburger, D. A., & Matsudaira, P. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604460103 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Folkman, J., & Haudenschild, C. C. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/288551a0 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Torres, E. T. R., Condeelis, J. S., & Patsialou, A. (2011) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3078 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
Grevellec, A., & Tucker, A. S. (2010) · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Three‐dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
Seitz, H., Rieder, W., Irsen, S. H., Leukers, B., & Tille, C. (2005) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials · doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30291 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Biomolecular gradients in cell culture systems
Keenan, T. M., & Folch, A. (2008) · Lab Chip · doi:10.1039/b711887b · Cited by 596 · see citing works
A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility
Fraley, S. I., Feng, Y., Krishnamurthy, R., Kim, D. H., Celedon, A., Longmore, G. D., & Wirtz, D. (2010) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2062 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Recent progress in soft lithography
Rogers, J. A., & Nuzzo, R. G. (2005) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/s1369-7021(05)00702-9 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Diffusion coefficient measurements in microfluidic devices
Culbertson, C. T. (2002) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(01)00602-6 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones
Ming, G., Wong, S. T., Henley, J. R., Yuan, X., Song, H., Spitzer, N. C., & Poo, M.-M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature745 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Cross, V. L., Zheng, Y. Y., Choi, N., Verbridge, S. S., Sutermaster, B. A., Bonassar, L. J., Fischbach, C., & Stroock, A. D. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.072 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Semaphorin–Neuropilin Interactions Underlying Sympathetic Axon Responses to Class III Semaphorins
Chen, H., He, Z., Bagri, A., & Tessier‐Lavigne, M. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80648-0 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Differential effects of EGF gradient profiles on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell chemotaxis
Wang, S., Saadi, W. M., Lin, F., Nguyen, C. M.-C., & Jeon, N. L. (2004) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.06.030 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Fluorescence spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G: Concentration and solvent effects
Zehentbauer, F. M., Moretto, C., Stephen, R. W., Thevar, T. M., Gilchrist, J. R., Pokrajac, D., Richard, K. L., & Kiefer, J. (2013) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2013.10.062 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
3D Culture of Chondrocytes in Gelatin Hydrogels with Different Stiffness
Li, X., Chen, S., Li, J., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Kawazoe, N., & Chen, G. (2016) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym8080269 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The role of the tissue microenvironment in the regulation of cancer cell motility and invasion
Brábek, J., Mierke, C. T., Rösel, D., Veselý, P., & Fabry, B. (2010) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/1478-811x-8-22 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Baker, B. M., Trappmann, B., Stapleton, S. C., Toro, E., & Chen, C. S. (2013) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c3lc50493j · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Wilson, M. E., Kota, N., Kim, Y., Wang, Y., Stolz, D. B., LeDuc, P. R., & Özdoğanlar, O. B. (2011) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c0lc00561d · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationGrowth cone navigation in substrate-bound ephrin gradients
von Philipsborn, A. C., Lang, S., Löschinger, J., Bernard, A., Dávid, C., Lehnert, D., Bonhoeffer, F., & Bastmeyer, M. (2006) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.02412 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Multi-step microfluidic device for studying cancer metastasis
Chaw, K. C., Manimaran, M., Tay, E. H., & Swaminathan, S. (2007) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b707399m · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Imaging Cells in Three‐Dimensional Collagen Matrix
Artym, V. V., & Matsumoto, K. (2010) · Current Protocols in Cell Biology · doi:10.1002/0471143030.cb1018s48 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Microfluidic gradient platforms for controlling cellular behavior
Chung, B. G., & Choo, J. (2010) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201000137 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cell motility and drug gradients in the emergence of resistance to chemotherapy
Wu, A. Y., Loutherback, K., Lambert, G., Estévez-Salmerón, L., Tlsty, T. D., Austin, R. H., & Sturm, J. C. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314385110 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
2D protrusion but not motility predicts growth factor–induced cancer cell migration in 3D collagen
Meyer, A. S., Hughes, S. K., Kay, J. E., Castillo, A., Wells, A. H., Gertler, F. B., & Lauffenburger, D. A. (2012) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201201003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Role for Prdx1 as a specific sensor in redox-regulated senescence in breast cancer
Turner-Ivey, B., Manevich, Y., Schulte, J. H., Kistner‐Griffin, E., Jezierska‐Drutel, A., Liu, Y., & Neumann, C. A. (2013) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2012.624 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineering a 3D microfluidic culture platform for tumor-treating field application
Pavesi, A., Adriani, G., Tay, A. K. P., Warkiani, M. E., Yeap, W. H., Wong, S. C., & Kamm, R. D. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26584 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Targeting key steps in metastatic tumour progression
Eccles, S. A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fosser, K. A., & Nuzzo, R. G. (2003) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac034634a · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Diffusion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Ribonuclease through Fibrin Gels
Nauman, J. V., Campbell, P. G., Lanni, F., & Anderson, J. L. (2007) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.106.102699 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Activated protein C promotes breast cancer cell migration through interactions with EPCR and PAR-1
Beaulieu, L. M., & Church, F. (2006) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.11.019 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Probing Cell Structure Responses Through a Shear and Stretching Mechanical Stimulation Technique
Steward, R. L., Cheng, C., Wang, D. L., & LeDuc, P. R. (2009) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-009-9075-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationChemotaxis and chemokinesis of malignant mesothelioma cells to multiple growth factors.
Liu, Z., & Klominek, J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Concentration gradients in microfluidic 3D matrix cell culture systems
Zervantonakis, I. K., Chung, S. H., Sudo, R., Zhang, M., Charest, J. L., & Kamm, R. D. (2010) · International Journal of Micro-Nano Scale Transport · doi:10.1260/1759-3093.1.1.27 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Use of micropatterned adhesive surfaces for control of cell behavior
LeDuc, P. R., Ostuni, E., Whitesides, G. M., & Ingber, D. E. (2002) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-679x(02)69024-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation3D soft lithography: A fabrication process for thermocurable polymers
Rodrigue, H., Bhandari, B., Wang, W., & Ahn, S. (2014) · Journal of Materials Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kubicek, J. D., Brelsford, S., Ahluwalia, P., & LeDuc, P. R. (2004) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la0487646 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAref, A. R., Huang, R. Y., Jing, S., Kamm, R. D., Kang, W., & Thiery, J. P. (2010) · TechConnect Briefs · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tumor-on-a-chip: from bioinspired design to biomedical application
Liu, X., Fang, J., Huang, S., Wu, X., Xie, X., Wang, J., Liu, F., Zhang, M., Peng, Z., & Hu, N. (2021) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-021-00277-8 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Biophysics of tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis – a mini review
Emon, B., Bauer, J., Jain, Y., Jung, B., & Saif, T. (2018) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2018.07.003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Colorectal tumor-on-a-chip system: a 3D tool for precision onco-nanomedicine
Carvalho, M. R., Barata, D., Teixeira, L. M., Giselbrecht, S., Reis, R. L., Oliveira, J. M., Truckenmüller, R., & Habibovic, P. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1317 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Applications of tumor chip technology
Hachey, S. J., & Hughes, C. C. W. (2018) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c8lc00330k · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Tumor-on-a-chip for integrating a 3D tumor microenvironment: chemical and mechanical factors
Wan, L., Neumann, C. A., & LeDuc, P. R. (2020) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c9lc00550a · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationTan, B., Gan, S., Wang, X., Liu, W., & Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d1tb00172h · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Tavakoli, H., Ma, L., Li, X., Han, L., & Li, X. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114365 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Integrated cancer tissue engineering models for precision medicine
Bregenzer, M. E., Horst, E. N., Mehta, P., Novak, C. M., Raghavan, S. A., Snyder, C. S., & Mehta, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216564 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cancer Models on Chip: Paving the Way to Large‐Scale Trial Applications
Gil, J. F., Moura, C. S., Silvério, V., Gonçalves, G., & Santos, H. A. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202300692 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
3D-Printed Medical Implants: Recent Trends and Challenges
Alam, M. I., Kashyap, S., Balaji, P. G., Yadav, A. K., & Flora, S. J. S. (2024) · Biomedical Materials & Devices · doi:10.1007/s44174-024-00221-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Song, K., Li, G., Zu, X., Du, Z., Liu, L., & Hu, Z. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11030297 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Luque‐González, M. A., Reis, R. L., Kundu, S. C., & Caballero, D. (2020) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.202000045 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Toward Vasculature in Skeletal Muscle-on-a-Chip through Thermo-Responsive Sacrificial Templates
Wan, L., Flegle, J., Özdoğanlar, O. B., & LeDuc, P. R. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11100907 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationFreeform 3D Ice Printing (3D‐ICE) at the Micro Scale
Garg, A., Yerneni, S. S., Campbell, P. G., LeDuc, P. R., & Özdoğanlar, O. B. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202201566 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationConstruction of cancer-on-a-chip for drug screening
Liu, Y., Yang, Q., Zhang, H., Han, S., Liu, N., Ren, H. J., Guo, H., & Xu, F. (2021) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, H., Shang, Y., Zeng, J., & Matsusaki, M. (2024) · Nano Convergence · doi:10.1186/s40580-024-00416-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Attaran, S., Skoko, J., Hopkins, B., Wright, M. K., Wood, L. E., Asan, A., Woo, H. A., Feinberg, A. W., & Neumann, C. A. (2021) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-021-01510-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, N., Wang, J., Meng, X., Li, T., Wang, S., & Bao, Y. (2019) · Molecular Therapy — Oncolytics · doi:10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nieto, D., Jiménez, G., Moroni, L., López‐Ruiz, E., Gálvez‐Martín, P., & Marchal, J. A. (2022) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21914 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
3D Collagen Vascular Tumor-on-a-Chip Mimetics for Dynamic Combinatorial Drug Screening
Wan, L., Yin, J., Skoko, J., Schwartz, R. S., Zhang, M., LeDuc, P. R., & Neumann, C. A. (2021) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0880 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationJavidanbardan, A., Azevedo, A. M., Chu, V., & Conde, J. P. (2021) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13010006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hong, J., Gong, J., Li, Q., Deng, Z., & Gui, L. (2021) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d1lc00726b · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bio-inspired microfluidics: A review
Kiran Raj, M., Priyadarshani, J., Karan, P., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Chakraborty, S. K. (2023) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/5.0161809 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Parihar, P., Sunildutt, N., Rahim, C. S. A., Samantasinghar, A., Lim, J., & Choi, K. H. (2024) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202300410 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kabuye, E., LeDuc, P. R., & Cagan, J. (2023) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-023-00777-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation3D In Vitro Neuron on a Chip for Probing Calcium Mechanostimulation
Bobo, J., Garg, A., Venkatraman, P., Puthenveedu, M. A., & LeDuc, P. R. (2020) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.202000080 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, C. (2020) · Region - Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.32629/rerr.v2i2.95 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lim, J., Hwang, J., & Kim, J. (2021) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202100220 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ex vivo to in vivo model of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors for precision oncologyPreprint
Bhatia, H., Larsson, A. T., Calizo, A., Pollard, K., Zhang, X., Conniff, E., Tibbitts, J. F., Osum, S. H., Williams, K. B., Crampton, A. L., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.29.490078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Introduction of 3D Printing and Different Bioprinting Methods
Biswas, A., Saha, B., Bora, H., Vaidya, P. V., Dixit, K., & Dhara, S. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119894407.ch1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Engineered microenvironments for cancer study
Balhouse, B. N., Ivey, J. W., Khan, Z. M., & Verbridge, S. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817827-0.00060-6
Data from 3D Collagen Vascular Tumor-on-a-Chip Mimetics for Dynamic Combinatorial Drug Screening
Wan, L., Yin, J. L., Skoko, J., Schwartz, R. S., Zhang, M., LeDuc, P. R., & Neumann, C. A. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.c.6543268.v1
Self-citationHydrogels for three-dimensional tissue engineering models
Maia, F. R., Reis, R. L., & Oliveira, J. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823948-3.00014-2
Edirisinghe, M. J., Gültekinoğlu, M., & Ahmed, J. (2024) · Institute of Physics eBooks · doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-5187-4
Surgical Training Outcomes Using a Mixed Reality Combination SystemPreprint
Kabuye, E., Bone, J. M., Hudson, A. R., Feinberg, A. W., Sangimino, M. J., Cagan, J., & LeDuc, P. R. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4978732/v1
Self-citationRapid Whole‐Organ Characterization via Quantitative Light‐Sheet Microscopy
Chen, L., Su, Y. P., Qian, S., Zhou, L., Han, T., Wang, C., Jiang, R., Ding, Z., Guo, M. Y., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202401177
Importance of microfluidics in cancer modeling
Suryavanshi, P., Dharwad, P., & Bodas, D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95533-1.00010-2
- Authors
- Wan, L., Skoko, J., Yu, J., Ozdoganlar, O. B., LeDuc, P. R., & Neumann, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Magee-Womens Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- LeDuc, P. R.
- Neumann, C. A.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-12-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16724-16724
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5711800
- OpenAlex
- W2770077816
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-03-28)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (N00014-17-1-2566, 1547810)
- Cotswold Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-17-1-2566, N00014-17-1, CBET-1547810, FA9550, N00014)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA131350)
- Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems (CBET-1547810)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-, FA9550-13-1-01 08)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Keywords
- micro-milling, collagen matrix, microfluidic channels, chemotaxis, chemokines, extracellular matrix, cell microenvironment
- MeSH terms
- Breast Neoplasms, Cell Movement, Cross-Sectional Studies, Extracellular Matrix, Female, Humans, Cell Culture Techniques, Tissue Engineering, Cell Line, Tumor, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
