Biomolecular gradients in cell culture systems
Open accessAbstract
Biomolecule gradients have been shown to play roles in a wide range of biological processes including development, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Elucidation of these phenomena requires the ability to expose cells to biomolecule gradients that are quantifiable, controllable, and mimic those that are present in vivo. Here we review the major biological phenomena in which biomolecule gradients are employed, traditional in vitro gradient-generating methods developed over the past 50 years, and new microfluidic devices for generating gradients. Microfluidic gradient generators offer greater levels of precision, quantitation, and spatiotemporal gradient control than traditional methods, and may greatly enhance our understanding of many biological phenomena. For each method, we outline the salient features, capabilities, and applications.
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Bioprinting technology is able to create a biomimetic microenvironment for the heterogeneous distribution of biologically relevant proteins and growth factors, which are important to control tumor cell signaling, proliferation, and migration.
“In addition, bioprinting technology is able to create a biomimetic microenvironment for the heterogeneous distribution of biologically relevant proteins and growth factors, which are important to control tumor cell signaling, proliferation, and migration156,157.”
From Tumor-on-a-chip: from bioinspired design to biomedical application (2021) · cites this paper as [157]
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- Authors
- Keenan, T. M., & Folch, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Folch, Albert
- ORCID
- Folch, Albert
- Venue
- Lab Chip
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-57
- ISSN
- 1473-0189 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0197
- PMC
- PMC3848882
- OpenAlex
- W2082064020
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Lab on a Chip (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS064387)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R33EB003307)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation
- Keywords
- gradient generation, microfluidic gradient generator, cell culture, signal transduction, metastasis, wound healing, inflammation, development (biology), spatiotemporal control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Factors, Cell Physiological Phenomena, Substrate Specificity, Time Factors, Cell Culture Techniques, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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