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Europe’s lost forests: a pollen-based synthesis for the last 11,000 years

Roberts, N., Fyfe, R. M., Woodbridge, J., Gaillard, M.-J., Davis, B. A. S., Kaplan, J. O., Marquer, L., Mazier, F., Nielsen, A. B., Sugita, S., Trondman, A.-K., Leydet, M.·2018·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-18646-7PMC PMC5768782
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Abstract

8000 years ago, prior to Neolithic agriculture, Europe was mostly a wooded continent. Since then, its forest cover has been progressively fragmented, so that today it covers less than half of Europe’s land area, in many cases having been cleared to make way for fields and pasture-land. Establishing the origin of Europe’s current, more open land-cover mosaic requires a long-term perspective, for which pollen analysis offers a key tool. In this study we utilise and compare three numerical approaches to transforming pollen data into past forest cover, drawing on >1000 14 C-dated site records. All reconstructions highlight the different histories of the mixed temperate and the northern boreal forests, with the former declining progressively since ~6000 years ago, linked to forest clearance for agriculture in later prehistory (especially in northwest Europe) and early historic times (e.g. in north central Europe). In contrast, extensive human impact on the needle-leaf forests of northern Europe only becomes detectable in the last two millennia and has left a larger area of forest in place. Forest loss has been a dominant feature of Europe’s landscape ecology in the second half of the current interglacial, with consequences for carbon cycling, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity.

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41598-017-18646-7

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Figure 1 Map of Europe showing sub-divisions used, and grid cells map for mid-latitude (mixed temperate forest zone) and northern (boreal needle-leaf forest zone) Europe. [map generated using ArcMap (version: 10.4) URL: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/].
Figure 1 Map of Europe showing sub-divisions used, and grid cells map for mid-latitude (mixed temperate forest zone) and northern (boreal needle-leaf forest zone) Europe. [map generated using ArcMap (version: 10.4) URL: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Pollen-inferred forest cover for mid-latitude and northern Europe during the last 11,000 years (REVEALS grid cells only).
Figure 2 Pollen-inferred forest cover for mid-latitude and northern Europe during the last 11,000 years (REVEALS grid cells only).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Major axis regression between forest cover estimates for different pollen-based methods by grid cell; (a) REVEALS tree sum vs PBM score; (b) REVEALS tree sum vs PFT.
Figure 3 Major axis regression between forest cover estimates for different pollen-based methods by grid cell; (a) REVEALS tree sum vs PBM score; (b) REVEALS tree sum vs PFT.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Mapped regional differences in timing of forest loss in calendar years BP. PBMsc by grid cell for “half-life” (i.e. date of half-way point between forest cover maximum and minimum). [map generated using ArcMap (version: 10.4) http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/].
Figure 4 Mapped regional differences in timing of forest loss in calendar years BP. PBMsc by grid cell for “half-life” (i.e. date of half-way point between forest cover maximum and minimum). [map generated using ArcMap (version: 10.4) http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/].CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Roberts, N., Fyfe, R. M., Woodbridge, J., Gaillard, M.-J., Davis, B. A. S., Kaplan, J. O., Marquer, L., Mazier, F., Nielsen, A. B., Sugita, S., Trondman, A.-K., & Leydet, M.
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2018-01-15
Volume
8
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-18646-7
PMC
PMC5768782
Cited by
196
References
2
Language
en
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