The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human‐induced global land‐use change over the past 12,000 years

Klein Goldewijk, Kees; Beusen, Arthur; van Drecht, Gerard; de Vos, Martine

doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x

Cited by 1,270Land Use and Ecosystem ServicesEnvironmental Changes in ChinaRemote Sensing in Agriculture

The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human‐induced global land‐use change over the past 12,000 years

Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Beusen, Arthur, van Drecht, Gerard, de Vos, Martine·2011·Global Ecology and Biogeography

DOI 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x

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Abstract

Aim This paper presents a tool for long‐term global change studies; it is an update of the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) with estimates of some of the underlying demographic and agricultural driving factors. Methods Historical population, cropland and pasture statistics are combined with satellite information and specific allocation algorithms (which change over time) to create spatially explicit maps, which are fully consistent on a 5′ longitude/latitude grid resolution, and cover the period 10,000 bc to ad 2000. Results Cropland occupied roughly less than 1% of the global ice‐free land area for a long time until ad 1000, similar to the area used for pasture. In the centuries that followed, the share of global cropland increased to 2% in ad 1700 ( c . 3 million km 2 ) and 11% in ad 2000 (15 million km 2 ), while the share of pasture area grew from 2% in ad 1700 to 24% in ad 2000 (34 million km 2 ) These profound land‐use changes have had, and will continue to have, quite considerable consequences for global biogeochemical cycles, and subsequently global climate change. Main conclusions Some researchers suggest that humans have shifted from living in the Holocene (emergence of agriculture) into the Anthropocene (humans capable of changing the Earth's atmosphere) since the start of the Industrial Revolution. But in the light of the sheer size and magnitude of some historical land‐use changes (e.g. as result of the depopulation of Europe due to the Black Death in the 14th century and the aftermath of the colonization of the Americas in the 16th century) we believe that this point might have occurred earlier in time. While there are still many uncertainties and gaps in our knowledge about the importance of land use (change) in the global biogeochemical cycle, we hope that this database can help global (climate) change modellers to close parts of this gap.

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Population size expanded dramatically with the advent of agriculture, beginning ∼10 kyr and grew exponentially from an estimated five million to over 100 million by 3000 years ago.
“Population size expanded dramatically with the advent of agriculture, beginning ∼10 kyr and grew exponentially from an estimated five million to over 100 million by 3000 years ago (Goldewijk et al., 2011).”
From When and Why Did Human Brains Decrease in Size? A New Change-Point Analysis and Insights From Brain Evolution in Ants (2021) · cites this paper as Goldewijk et al., 2011
HYDE effectively omits land-use intensification by assuming that land-use per capita remained approximately constant over time, closely resembling the pattern in A.D. 1961.
“HYDE, the first and most popular model (Figs. 1A and 2 A and C) (31), effectively omits land-use intensification by assuming that land-use per capita remained approximately constant over time, closely resembling the pattern in A.D. 1961”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
Global land-use reconstructions for the past 300 y tend toward similar regional and global trends despite some significant differences.
“Although showing some significant differences, global land-use reconstructions for the past 300 y tend toward similar regional and global trends (31).”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
There are significant differences in the land-use definitions of different models, with HYDE focusing exclusively on cultivated, pasture, and urban areas, and KK10 on land use more generally, including shifting cultivation and forest harvest along with agricultural land use.
“there are significant differences in the land-use definitions of different models, with HYDE focusing exclusively on cultivated, pasture, and urban areas, and KK10 on land use more generally, including shifting cultivation and forest harvest along with agricultural land use.”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [31]
Global land use and population datasets divided into five arc minute grid cells (spatial resolution approximately 85 km2 at the equator) were obtained for the HYDE 3.1 and KK10 global land-use models.
“Global land use and population datasets divided into five arc minute grid cells (spatial resolution ∼85 km2 at the equator) were obtained for the HYDE 3.1 (19, 31) and KK10 (4) global land-use models.”
From Used planet: a global history (2013) · cites this paper as [31]

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Method
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Authors: Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., van Drecht, G., & de Vos, M.
Affiliations: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (NL)
ORCID: Beusen, Arthur
Venue: Global Ecology and Biogeography
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-09-11
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 73-86
ISSN: 1466-822X (ISSN-L)
1466-8238
DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x
OpenAlex: W1895518694
Cited by: 1,270
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 118 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 33.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Global Ecology and Biogeography (publishedVersion)
Funders: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Environmental Changes in China
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Remote Sensing in Agriculture
Keywords: land use change, cropland expansion, pasture expansion, historical population, agricultural expansion, Anthropocene, Holocene, global biogeochemical cycles, climate change modeling, Black Death, colonization of the Americas

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The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human‐induced global land‐use change over the past 12,000 years

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