Distribution of insulin in trigeminal nerve and brain after intranasal administration

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MemAID: Memory advancement with intranasal insulin vs. placebo in type 2 diabetes and control participants: a randomized clinical trial

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Post-Acute COVID-19 Neurological Syndrome: A New Medical Challenge

Nuzzo, D., Vasto, S., Scalisi, L., Cottone, S., Cambula, G., Rizzo, M., Giacomazza, D., & Picone, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091947 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Drug delivery pathways to the central nervous system via the brain glymphatic system circumventing the blood‐brain barrier

Wang, X., Yin, Y., Zhou, H., Chi, B., Guan, L., Li, P., Li, J., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Exploration · doi:10.1002/exp.20240036 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The impact of chemical engineering and technological advances on managing diabetes: present and future concepts

Szunerits, S., Melinte, S., Barras, A., Pagneux, Q., Voronova, A., Abderrahmani, A., & Boukherroub, R. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c9cs00886a · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Application of Intranasal Administration in the Delivery of Antidepressant Active Ingredients

Jin, Z., Han, Y., Zhang, D., Li, Z., Jing, Y., Hu, B., & Sun, S. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14102070 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The review of nasal drug delivery system: The strategies to enhance the efficiency of intranasal drug delivery by improving drug absorption

Wei, S., Zhai, Z., Kong, X., Wu, C., Zhu, B., Zhao, Z., & Zhang, X. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125584 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Intranasal Administration for Pain: Oxytocin and Other Polypeptides

Bharadwaj, V. N., Tzabazis, A., Klukinov, M., Manering, N. A., & Yeomans, D. C. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13071088 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Selective CNS Targeting and Distribution with a Refined Region-Specific Intranasal Delivery Technique via the Olfactory Mucosa

Maigler, F., Ladel, S., Flamm, J., Gänger, S., Kurpiers, B., Kiderlen, S., Völk, R., Hamp, C., Hartung, S., Spiegel, S., et al. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111904 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research

Levine, A. J., Sacktor, N. C., & Becker, J. T. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00897-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Blood–brain barrier transporters: a translational consideration for CNS delivery of neurotherapeutics

Ronaldson, P. T., & Davis, T. P. (2024) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2024.2306138 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Involvement of trigeminal axons in nose-to-brain delivery of glucagon-like peptide-2 derivative

Akita, T., Oda, Y., Kimura, R., Nagai, M., Tezuka, A., Shimamura, M., Washizu, K., Oka, J., & Yamashita, C. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.047 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Recent Strategies for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery

Ogawa, K., Kato, N., & Kawakami, S. (2020) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.c20-00041 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations

Méndez-García, L. A., Escobedo, G., Minguer-Uribe, A. G., Viurcos-Sanabria, R., Aguayo-Guerrero, J. A., Carrillo-Ruiz, J. D., & Solleiro-Villavicencio, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.977039 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Intranasal delivery of mitochondrial protein humanin rescues cell death and promotes mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease

Kim, K. H. (2023) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.84165 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

CNS Drug Delivery in Stroke: Improving Therapeutic Translation From the Bench to the Bedside

Ronaldson, P. T., Williams, E. I., Betterton, R. D., Stanton, J. A., Nilles, K. L., & Davis, T. P. (2023) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.123.043764 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

A systematic review on type 3 diabetes: bridging the gap between metabolic dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease

Atabi, F., Moassesfar, M., Nakhaie, T., Bagherian, M., Hosseinpour, N., & Hashemi, M. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01930-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Insulin‐like growth factor‐2 is a promising candidate for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease

Fitzgerald, G. S., Chuchta, T. G., & McNay, E. C. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14160 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Abdulhameed, N., Babin, A., Hansen, K. M., Weaver, R. R., Banks, W. A., Talbot, K., & Rhea, E. M. (2024) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Bigger or Smaller? Size and Loading Effects on Nanoparticle Uptake Efficiency in the Nasal Mucosa

Albarki, M. A. H., & Donovan, M. D. (2020) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-020-01837-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Intranasal Insulin Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress‐mediated Apoptosis Through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Ding, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Yu, K., & Yang, X. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease: signalling mechanisms and therapeutics strategies

Dahiya, M., Yadav, M., Goyal, C., & Kumar, A. (2025) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01704-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Insulin injections inhibits PTZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neurological deficits via the SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway

Cheng, Y., Zeng, X., Mai, Q., Bai, X., Jiang, Y., Li, J., Fan, S., & Ding, H. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166124 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Molecular Mechanisms of Intranasal Insulin in SAMP8 Mice

Rhea, E. M., Nirkhe, S., Nguyen, S., Pemberton, S., Bammler, T. K., Beyer, R., Niehoff, M. L., Morley, J. E., Farr, S. A., & Banks, W. A. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190707 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Intranasal Administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine Combined with Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Modified Polymer Nanomicelles as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Kurano, T., Kanazawa, T., Iioka, S., Kondo, H., Kosuge, Y., & Suzuki, T. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14122590 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Current Insights on the Use of Insulin and the Potential Use of Insulin Mimetics in Targeting Insulin Signalling in Alzheimer’s Disease

Woodfield, A., Gonzales, T., Helmerhorst, E., Laws, S. M., Newsholme, P., Porter, T., & Verdile, G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415811 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Prospects for the Use of Intranasally Administered Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Cerebral Ischemia

Zorina, I. I., Avrova, N. F., Zakharova, I. O., & Shpakov, A. O. (2023) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297923030070 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Intranasal insulin treatment modulates the neurotropic, inflammatory, and oxidant mechanisms in the cortex and hippocampus in a low-grade inflammation model

Simon, K. U., Neto, E. W., Tramontin, N. D. S., Canteiro, P. B., Pereira, B. D. C., Zaccaron, R. P., Silveira, P. C. L., & Muller, A. P. (2019) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170175 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Understanding the link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s disease: role of brain insulin resistance

Ntetsika, T., Catrina, S., & Markaki, I. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01910 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights into Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutics

Zeng, J., Hu, K., Wang, Z., Huang, Y.-C., Zhang, Y., Peng, H., & Ma, S. (2025) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.5c00086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Potent therapeutic efficacy of intranasally deliverable paclitaxel modified with pH-sensitive and PEGylated polymeric micelle against glioblastoma

Kim, Y. B., Lee, S., Kasala, D., Zhao, Y., Jiao, A., Hong, J., Kim, J. S., Yoon, A. R., & Yun, C. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113711 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Neuroprotective effects of insulin-like growth factor-2 in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cellular and mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

Ke, K., Gu, X.-S., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y.-C., Li, J.-R., Yan, J., Wang, X.-J., & Shen, J. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.355815 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

First‐in‐human positron emission tomography study of intranasal insulin in aging and MCI

Sai, K. K. S., Erichsen, J. M., Gollapelli, K. K., Krizan, I. M., Miller, M. D., Damuka, N., Register, T. C., Sutphen, C. L., & Craft, S. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70123 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Distribution of insulin in primate brain following nose‐to‐brain transport

Smith, K. R., Fan, J., Marriner, G. A., Gerdes, J. M., KESSLER, R. M., & Zinn, K. R. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12459 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Intrinsic factors behind long‐COVID: II. SARS‐CoV‐2, extracellular vesicles, and neurological disorders

El‐Maradny, Y. A., Rubio‐Casillas, A., Mohamed, K. I., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.30486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Innovation in nanomedicine: nanocarriers for central nervous system disorders management

Waqar, M. A., Mubarak, N., Khan, A. M., Ahmad, S., Zaib, M., Kanwal, U., Khan, I. N., Ayesha, M., Mughal, M., & Fahad, M. (2024) · International Journal of Polymeric Materials · doi:10.1080/00914037.2024.2399271 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

CONCERNING THE NEUROTROPY AND NEUROINVASIVENESS OF CORONAVIRUSES

Войтенков, В. Б., & Ekusheva, E. V. (2020) · Journal of clinical practice · doi:10.17816/clinpract34890 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Nanoparticle-Mediated Nose-to-Brain Delivery for Ischemic Stroke Therapy: Preclinical Insights

Park, J., & Riew, T. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17111447 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Advances in nanocarrier-based nose-to-brain drug delivery systems for neurological disorders - A comprehensive review

Kamyab, H., Jamalpour, S., Khalili, E., & Rajendran, S. (2026) · Powder Technology · doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2026.122244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Intranasal delivery of chitosan-based nanoparticles as an innovative way for management of neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive review of advanced strategies for CNS targeting

Ibrahim, R. M., Teaima, M. H. M., El-Nabarawi, M. A., & Badawi, N. M. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105885 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Peptide therapeutics: current status and future opportunity with focus on nose-to-brain delivery☆

Jülke, E., & Beck‐Sickinger, A. G. (2025) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171404 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Intranasal delivery of darunavir improves brain drug concentrations in mice for effective HIV treatment

Kumar, A., Zhou, L., Godse, S., Sinha, N., Ma, D., Parmar, K. R., & Kumar, S. (2022) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101408 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

First Biodistribution Study of [ 68 Ga]Ga-NOTA-Insulin Following Intranasal Administration in Adult Vervet Monkeys

Sai, K. K. S., Erichsen, J. M., Gollapelli, K. K., Krizan, I. M., Miller, M. D., Bansode, A. H., Jorgensen, M. J., Register, T. C., Cazzola, C., Gandhi, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240484 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 mediated neurological disorders in COVID-19: Measuring the pathophysiology and immune response

Hsu, P.-C., & Shahed-Al-Mahmud, M. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120981 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Effect of acute intranasal insulin administration on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy young adults

McMillan, N. J., Jacob, D. W., Shariffi, B., Harper, J. L., Foster, G. E., Manrique‐Acevedo, C., Padilla, J., & Limberg, J. K. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00253.2024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Potential clinical applications of current and future oral forms of desmopressin (Review)

Everaert, K., Holm‐Larsen, T., Kheir, G. B., Rottey, S., Weiss, J. P., Walle, J. V., Kabarriti, A. E., Dossche, L., Hervé, F., Spinoit, A., et al. (2024) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2024.12592 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Novel Targets and Interventions for Cognitive Complications of Diabetes

Wolf, V., Abdul, Y., & Ergul, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.815758 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Intranasal Drug Delivery to the Brain

Lochhead, J. J., Kumar, N. N., Nehra, G., Stenslik, M. J., Bradley, L. H., & Thorne, R. G. (2022) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88773-5_15 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Diabetic Cognitive Impairment: A Memorable Journey

Rai, S., Sreelatha, S., Devang, N., Alva, P. D., & Raveendran, A. V. (2023) · Clinical Diabetology · doi:10.5603/dk.a2023.0025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Intranasal and inhaled delivery systems for targeting circadian dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders, perspective and future outlook

Ryan, R. C., Leslie, M. N., He, P., Young, P. M., Hoyos, C. M., Ong, H. X., & Traini, D. (2025) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2025.115575 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Therapeutic Efficacy of Intranasal N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine with Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Modified Polymer Micelles on Neuropathic Pain in Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation Mice

Nango, H., Takahashi, A., Suzuki, N., Kurano, T., Sakamoto, S., Nagatomo, T., Suzuki, T., Kanazawa, T., Kosuge, Y., & Miyagishi, H. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17010044 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal insulin in a rat brain

Barilar, J. O., Vlahov, L., Perhoč, A. B., Homolak, J., Virag, D., Barone, E., Šalković‐Petrišić, M., & Knezović, A. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70057 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Dose-dependent delivery of genes to the cerebral cortex via the nasal route

Fatani, A. S., Petkova, A., Schätzlein, A. G., & Uchegbu, I. F. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123343 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Molecular Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pathogenicity on the Central Nervous System: Bridging Experimental Probes to Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Interventions

Groppa, S. A., Ciolac, D., Duarte, C. L., Garcia, C., Gasnaș, D., Leahu, P., Efremova, D., Alexandru, G., Bălănuță, T., Mîrzac, D., et al. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2021_675 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Effect of perioperative intranasal insulin on postoperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients undergoing general anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

Wang, J., Dai, C., Li, H., Wang, J., Guan, S., Wang, Q., & Cai, N. (2025) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-025-03406-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Repurposing insulin for Alzheimer’s disease treatment: intranasal delivery of a thermoresponsive nanocarrier-based insulin formulation to the brain

Khan, T. T. S., Wong, C. Y. J., Sheikh, Z., Fathi, A., Maleknia, S. D., Oveissi, F., Abrams, T., Knox, W., van der Hoven, J., Antonito, A., et al. (2026) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-026-02146-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Intranasal Administration of BDNF Improves Recovery and Promotes Neural Plasticity in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Hypoxic Ischemia

Sims, S., Saddow, M., McGonegal, L., & Sims‐Robinson, C. (2024) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en23030 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Intranasal route: The green corridor for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics

Chaudhury, S. S., Sinha, K., & Mukhopadhyay, C. D. (2021) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102791 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Low-Intensity Ultrasound Facilitation of Intranasal Drug Delivery to Olfactory Bulb and Trigeminal Nerves

Lin, M.-T., Chan, T.-Y., Liao, W., Wu, C., Young, T., & Chen, W. (2025) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.01.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Nose–brain axis: A bridge from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system

Yang, G., Zhu, D., & Zhang, K. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-01770 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Intranasal insulin – effects on the sense of smell

Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz, B., Oleszkiewicz, A., Bock, M. A., & Hummel, T. R. (2023) · Rhinology Journal · doi:10.4193/rhin23.036 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Distribution of Intranasally Administered rIL‐10 Along the Olfactory Nerve and Perivascular Space After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Wang, S., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Xu, S., Peng, Q., Li, Y., Ding, R., Jiang, B., Wang, S., Zhang, S., et al. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70372 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Intranasal delivery of pApoE2 via penetratin-mannose multi-functionalized chitosan polymeric micelles to the brain: Reduced total tau and phosphorylated tau burden in transgenic Alzheimer's mouse model

Gothwal, A., Muolokwu, C. E., Chaulagain, B., Mahanta, A. K., & Singh, J. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143542 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Intranasally Administered Insulin as Neuromodulating Factor and Medication in Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders—Current Findings from Clinical Trials

Grabarczyk, M., Szychowska, A., Kozłowski, S., Sipowicz, K., Pietras, T., Kosmalski, M., & Różycka-Kosmalska, M. (2025) · Scientia Pharmaceutica · doi:10.3390/scipharm93040052 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Brain insulin resistance as a driver of proteinopathy in neurodegeneration: from cell-type-specific mechanisms to targeted therapeutics

Xiang, M., Cao, S.-Y., Sun, X.-H., Hu, J.-W., Lv, M., Li, J., & Li, W. (2026) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-026-00573-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Insulin and Brain Gangliosides Prevent Metabolic Disorders Caused by Activation of Free Radical Reactions after Two-Vessel Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury to the Rat Forebrain

Zakharova, I. O., Bayunova, L. V., Zorina, I. I., Shpakov, A. O., & Avrova, N. F. (2022) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093022010240 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Central Nervous System Delivery of Intranasal Insulin: Mechanisms of Uptake and Effects on Cognition

Salameh, T. S., Bullock, K. M., Hujoel, I. A., Niehoff, M. L., Wolden‐Hanson, T., Kim, J., Morley, J. E., Farr, S. A., & Banks, W. A. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150307 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Intranasal delivery of insulin via the olfactory nerve pathway

Renner, D. B., Svitak, A. L., Gallus, N. J., Ericson, M. E., Frey, W. H., & Hanson, L. R. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01555.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Intranasal insulin

Hallschmid, M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12934 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Insulin and the CNS: effects on food intake, memory, and endocrine parameters and the role of intranasal insulin administration in humans

Stockhorst, U., de Fries, D., Steingrüber, H.-J., & Scherbaum, W. A. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.022 · Cited by 191 · see citing works

Central nervous system effects of intranasally administered insulin during euglycemia in men.

Kern, W., Jan Born, A., Schreiber, H., & Fehm, H. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.3.557 · Cited by 192 · see citing works