Human decision-making biases in the moral dilemmas of autonomous vehicles
Open accessAbstract
The development of artificial intelligence has led researchers to study the ethical principles that should guide machine behavior. The challenge in building machine morality based on people’s moral decisions, however, is accounting for the biases in human moral decision-making. In seven studies, this paper investigates how people’s personal perspectives and decision-making modes affect their decisions in the moral dilemmas faced by autonomous vehicles. Moreover, it determines the variations in people’s moral decisions that can be attributed to the situational factors of the dilemmas. The reported studies demonstrate that people’s moral decisions, regardless of the presented dilemma, are biased by their decision-making mode and personal perspective. Under intuitive moral decisions, participants shift more towards a deontological doctrine by sacrificing the passenger instead of the pedestrian. In addition, once the personal perspective is made salient participants preserve the lives of that perspective, i.e. the passenger shifts towards sacrificing the pedestrian, and vice versa. These biases in people’s moral decisions underline the social challenge in the design of a universal moral code for autonomous vehicles. We discuss the implications of our findings and provide directions for future research.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People tend to avoid moral algorithms involving self-sacrifice.
“Several investigations have delved into the specific perspectives of passengers, pedestrians, and observers in trolley dilemma, indicating people’s inclination to avoid moral algorithm involving self-sacrifice (Frank et al., 2019; Mayer et al., 2021).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Frank et al., 2019
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2011) · Cited by 14,317 · see citing works
Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803322655392 · Cited by 5,377 · see citing works
Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.5.1.193 · Cited by 5,019 · see citing works
An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1062872 · Cited by 4,561 · see citing works
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Toward a Psychology of Human Agency
Bandura, A. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x · Cited by 3,459 · see citing works
The Development of Social Knowledge. Morality and Convention
Eggleston, S. J., & Turiel, E. (1985) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121515 · Cited by 2,645 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 2,641 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment
Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.027 · Cited by 2,620 · see citing works
Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J.-F., & Rahwan, I. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotions
Oatley, K., & Johnson-laird, P. N. (1987) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938708408362 · Cited by 1,751 · see citing works
BOUNDED RATIONALITY, AMBIGUITY, AND THE ENGINEERING OF CHOICE
March, J. G. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598951.004 · Cited by 1,699 · see citing works
Bounded rationality, ambiguity and the engineering of choice
March, J. G. (1978) · The Bell Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/3003600 · Cited by 1,539 · see citing works
The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles
Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2654 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Thomson, J. J. (1985) · The Yale Law Journal · doi:10.2307/796133 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment
Greene, J. D., Morelli, S. A., Lowenberg, K., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.11.004 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
The decision and the organization
MacDougall, C. D., & Wilson, H. (1965) · Marzani & Munsell eBooks · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
de Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2009) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.149.4.425-449 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Single-Paper Meta-Analysis: Benefits for Study Summary, Theory Testing, and Replicability
McShane, B. B., & Böckenholt, U. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw085 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Rand, D. G. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616654455 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Rapid responding increases belief bias: Evidence for the dual-process theory of reasoning
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Curtis-Holmes, J. (2005) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780542000005 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Psychological roadblocks to the adoption of self-driving vehicles
Shariff, A., Bonnefon, J.-F., & Rahwan, I. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0202-6 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Greene, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.01.003 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Epstein, S. J., & Pacini, R. (1999) · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Action bias among elite soccer goalkeepers: The case of penalty kicks
Bar‐Eli, M., Azar, O. H., Ritov, I., Keidar-Levin, Y., & Schein, G. (2007) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2006.12.001 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Action Bias and Environmental Decisions
Patt, A., & Zeckhauser, R. (2000) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1023/a:1026517309871 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A Voting-Based System for Ethical Decision Making
Noothigattu, R., Gaikwad, S. S., Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Rahwan, I., Ravikumar, P., & Procaccia, A. D. (2018) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11512 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Sneijder, P., & Molder, H. T. (2005) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926505054941 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Causal chains: Attribution of responsibility as a function of immediate and prior causes.
Brickman, P., Ryan, K., & Wortman, C. B. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.1060 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Youth and traffic safety: The effects of driving age, experience, and education
Levy, D. T. (1990) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/0001-4575(90)90048-p · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Sütfeld, L. R., Gast, R., Peter König, B., & Pipa, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00122 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Kockelman, K. M., Avery, P. A., Bansal, P., Boyles, S. D., Bujanović, P., Choudhary, T., Clements, L. M., Domnenko, G., Fagnant, D., Helsel, J., et al. (2016) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Meder, B., Fleischhut, N., Krumnau, N., & Waldmann, M. R. (2018) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.13178 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Proximity biases in the attribution of civil liability.
Johnson, J. T., & Drobny, J. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.2.283 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Failures of Fairness in Automation Require a Deeper Understanding of Human–ML Augmentation
Teodorescu, M. H., Morse, L., Awwad, Y., & Kane, G. C. (2021) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2021/16535 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Taylor, J. E. T., & Taylor, G. W. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01825-5 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Zhen, Z., Pi, Y., Jiang, L., Xiang, Y., Wei, J., Yang, P., Zhang, W., Zhong, X., Zhou, K., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74135-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Qian, L., Yin, J., Huang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122267 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Understanding Human-AI Augmentation in the Workplace: A Review and a Future Research Agenda
Trinh, N. T. T., & Elbanna, A. R. (2025) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-025-10591-5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Sampath, K., Rajagopal, S., & Chintanpalli, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52719-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
What do academics say about artificial intelligence ethics? An overview of the scholarship
Bakıner, O. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00182-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Selfish or Utilitarian Automated Vehicles? Deontological Evaluation and Public Acceptance
Liu, P., & Liu, J. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2021.1876357 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nie, B., Li, Q., Gan, S., Xing, B., Huang, Y. Y., & Li, S. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82331-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Khan, S. K., Shiwakoti, N., Stasinopoulos, P., & Warren, M. J. (2023) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.09.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poszler, F., Geisslinger, M., Betz, J., & Lütge, C. (2023) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102350 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Zheng, N., Lv, Y., Fang, Y., & Vu, H. L. (2023) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2023.104451 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Khan, S. K., Shiwakoti, N., Stasinopoulos, P., & Aghabayk, K. (2024) · Research in Transportation Business & Management · doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101147 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mayer, M. M., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261673 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A review of smart vehicles in smart cities: Dangers, impacts, and the threat landscape
Lampe, B. (2024) · Vehicular Communications · doi:10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100871 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhu, A., Shuang-qing, Y., Chen, Y., & Xing, C. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111356 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Yang, P., Pi, Y., He, T., Sun, J., Wei, J., Xiang, Y., Jiang, L., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Zhen, Z., et al. (2021) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-021-00710-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Frank, D., Chrysochou, P., Mitkidis, P., Otterbring, T., & Ariely, D. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102732 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationMayer, M. M., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052729 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Generalized Framework for Moral Dilemmas Involving Autonomous Vehicles: A Commentary on Gill
Novak, T. P. (2020) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucaa024 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Min, X., Liu, X., Chen, X., Cao, K., Howlader, S. M. R. K., & Chen, X. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25216751 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Joo, Y. K., & Kim, B. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2102716 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Responsibility in Hybrid Societies: concepts and terms
Meyer, S., Mandl, S., Gesmann-Nuissl, D., & Strobel, A. (2022) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-022-00184-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Government Response and Perspective on Autonomous Vehicles
Kilanko, V. (2023) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6429-8.ch008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Is Society Ready for AI Ethical Decision Making? Lessons from a Study on Autonomous Cars
Caro‐Burnett, J., & Kaneko, S. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101881 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mamak, K., & Glanc, J. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102127 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moral reasoning and automatic risk reaction during driving
Lucifora, C., Grasso, G. M., Perconti, P., & Plebe, A. (2021) · Cognition Technology & Work · doi:10.1007/s10111-021-00675-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kruis, J., Maris, G., Marsman, M., Bolsinova, M. A., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73181-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Not a good judge of talent: the influence of subjective socioeconomic status on AI aversion
Xie, C., Fu, T., Yang, C., Chang, E.-C., & Zhao, M. (2024) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11002-024-09725-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Khorram‐Manesh, A., Goniewicz, K., Phattharapornjaroen, P., Gray, L., Carlström, E., Sundwall, A., Hertelendy, A. J., & Burkle, F. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031085 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Autonomous Systems in Ethical Dilemmas: Attitudes towards Randomization
Bodenschatz, A., Uhl, M., & Walkowitz, G. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100145 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kia, M. (2024) · Iran Journal of Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42044-024-00215-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Takaguchi, K., Kappes, A., Yearsley, J. M., Sawai, T., Wilkinson, D. J. C., & Savulescu, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0275812 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The presence of automation enhances deontological considerations in moral judgments
Schurr, A., & Moran, S. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107590 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study
Sui, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1229245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Morality on the road: Should machine drivers be more utilitarian than human drivers?
Liu, P., Chu, Y., Zhai, S., Zhang, T., & Awad, E. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Moral decision-making in AI: A comprehensive review and recommendations
Ram, J. (2025) · Technological forecasting & social change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124150 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Raza, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Decision System · doi:10.1080/12460125.2021.2015840 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding Passenger Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles Through the Prism of the Trolley Dilemma
Ng, Y.-L. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2163347 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Salagean, A., Wu, M., Fletcher, G., Cosker, D. P., & Fraser, D. S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3372121 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Natural intelligence in autonomous vehicles: Redefining the path to human-centric adoption
Banda, L. G., & Chandra, S. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104195 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An Alternate Account on the Ethical Implications of Autonomous Vehicles
Shah, M. U., Rehman, U., Iqbal, F., Hussain, M. A., & Wahid, F. (2021) · International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE) · doi:10.1109/ie51775.2021.9486464 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Moral Transparency as a Mitigator of Moral Bias in Conversational User Interfaces
Wester, J., Lee, M., & van Berkel, N. (2023) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3571884.3603752 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Summary Of The Development Of Autonomous Vehicle
Wu, H., & Calderon, A. D. (2023) · International Conference on Robotics, Control and Automation Engineering (RCAE) · doi:10.1109/rcae59706.2023.10398804 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
AI and Employability: Challenges and Solutions from this Technology Transfer
Pagani, R., de Sá, C. P., Corsi, A., & de Souza, F. F. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80455-994-920231012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, H., Li, D., Wang, Z., Song, J., Gao, Z., & Schwebel, D. C. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35389-5_39 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An international survey on risk distribution preferences for autonomous vehicles
Krügel, S., & Uhl, M. (2025) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2025.104695 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maksimenko, V., Li, X., Kim, E.-J., & Bansal, P. (2025) · Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1016/j.trc.2025.105284 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Huang, Y.-K., Liang, J., & Lu, C. (2025) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2025.101143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of AI
Urbach, N., Feulner, D., & Mayer, V. (2026) · Future of business and finance · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13308-3_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Joo, Y. K., Jeong, M.-W., & Kim, B. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.01.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bodenschatz, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100097 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Systematic Test Case Design for Autonomous Vehicles
Leilabadi, S. H., Katzorke, N., Moosmann, M., & Schmidt, S. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) · doi:10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294389 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Risk-taking for others: An experiment on the role of moral discussion
Feri, F., Giannetti, C., & Guarnieri, P. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2022.100735 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The autonomous vehicle dilemma: passenger(s) versus pedestrian(s)
Bovesi, A., Calabretto, A., Stroppa, A., Adamo, G. M., Canepa, F., & Guidi, S. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2433037 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Takamatsu, R. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2531285 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shin, Y., & Yoon, J. (2023) · Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3638380.3638450 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huang, Y.-K., Lu, C., Eccarius, T., & Kao, S.-L. (2024) · Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.1080/17517575.2024.2434754 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yoo, Y., Kim, H., & Park, J. (2025) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2025.108175 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Etienne, H., & Cova, F. (2023) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393231164329 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dueling Deep Q Network for Highway Decision Making in Autonomous Vehicles: A Case StudyPreprint
Liu, T., Mu, X., Tang, X., Huang, B. Q., Wang, H., & Cao, D. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.08343 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Philip, J., & Wong, S. I. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2024.101371 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weaponizing cognitive bias in autonomous systems: a framework for black-box inference attacks
Chu, S., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1623573 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Value-aligned but misguided: a dilemma in AI and AGI decision making
Song, Z. (2025) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-025-05232-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Manger, C., Vogl, A., & Riener, A. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152011030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tackling the social dilemma of autonomous vehicles using social norms
Ng, G. T. T., & Lin, C.-Y. (2026) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2026.104900 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AI and Human Relationship in the Workplace: A Literature Review and Future Research Agenda
Trinh, N. T. T., & Elbanna, A. R. (2023) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50192-0_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, S. (2024) · International Conference on Computer Information and Big Data Applications (CIBDA) · doi:10.1145/3671151.3671290 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using Machine Bias To Measure Human BiasPreprint
Dong, W., De‐Arteaga, M., & Saar‐Tsechansky, M. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5052931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Autonomous Systems in Ethical Dilemmas: Attitudes towards RandomizationPreprint
Bodenschatz, A., Uhl, M., & Walkowitz, G. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3742677
Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence in Cars: A Survey Approach
Strobel, C., & Dana, J. D. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90963-5_42
Joo, Y. K., Jeong, M.-W., & Kim, B. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4162476
Extraction and Discussion of Influencing Factors in Self-driving Ethical DecisionPreprint
Liu, G., Luo, Y., & Sheng, J. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1960111/v1
Moral Dilemmas in Social Robots: An Exploratory Study for Future Research
Shah, M. U., Hung, P. C. K., Iqbal, F., Adajar, R. K., & Wiratsin, I. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35602-5_14
Should it stay, or swerve? Trading off lives in dilemma situations involving autonomous cars
Habla, W., Kataria, M., Martinsson, P., & Roeder, K. (2024) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4802
The Future of Ethical AI in Large Language Models
Gupta, B. B., Gaurav, A., Chui, K. T., & Psannis, K. E. (2024) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3860-5.ch013
The Battle of Ethics in Autonomous Vehicles
Gupta, R. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C) · doi:10.1109/qrs-c63300.2024.00145
Schäffner, V. (2024) · Verlag Karl Alber eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783495992043
Resetting Machine Ethics: Rationalism, Hypocrisy, Disagreement, and the Skillful-Expert Model
Yeung, F. S. H., & Song, F. (2024) · Philosophy of engineering and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-77857-5_10
Spinal Metastasis—Imaging Using XAI and RAI Techniques
Bagada, A. A., & Patel, P. V. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394302444.ch5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Xia, Y., Xie, J., Wu, S., Zhu, Y., & Li, J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5225511
Eschenlohr, A., & Weigl, K. (2025) · Mensch und Computer (MuC) · doi:10.1145/3743049.3743051
High-accuracy prediction of microcantilever sensor for fluid detection: simulation to deep learning
Pawinanto, R. E., Khoerunisa, H., Kusuma, W. H., Purnama, W., Nurhidayatulloh, N., Rizqulloh, M. A., Pramudita, R., & Mulyanti, B. (2025) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/1361-6439/ae0943
Programming Tasks Impact Responses to Moral Dilemmas for Novice Programmers
Singh, T., Ramaprasad, J., & Ganju, K. K. (2025) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2022.0376
Navigating the social dilemma of autonomous systems: normative and applied arguments
Bodenschatz, A. (2025) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-025-09857-y
Milford, S. R., Elger, B. S., & Shaw, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332656
Weigl, K., & Eschenlohr, A. (2025) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/dvsbh
Against AI ethics: challenging the conventional narratives
Afroogh, S., Pouresmaeil, Y., & Dhurandhar, A. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00978-0
Artificial Intelligence and Its Scope in the Treatment of Diabetes
Sood, A., & Oroszi, T. L. (2024) · Open Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojapps.2024.1412244
Gui, X., Xia, D., Colley, M., Li, Y., Chauhan, V., Anubhav, A., Zhou, Z., Javanmardi, E., Seo, S. H., Chang, C.-M., et al. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790537
AMULED: Addressing Moral Uncertainty using Large language models for Ethical Decision-making
Dubey, R. K., Dailisan, D. N., & Mahajan, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1754973 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The unintended ethical cost: How and when AI-human cooperation is associated with unjust decisions
Jiang, L., Qin, X., Jiang, K., Chen, C., Dong, X., & Zheng, J. (2026) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116362
Hasan, A. A.-T. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Horizons · doi:10.1108/jhth-02-2026-0041
Threats or supports? The dual mediating process from AI technology adoption to bootleg innovation
Li, S.-W., Tang, C.-Y., Yang, X.-T., Luo, J.-L., & Zhang, Z.-F. (2026) · International journal of human resources management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2026.2711898
Cultural Orientation Shapes Moral Judgments of Autonomous Vehicle Dilemmas
Sukan, E. I., Bovesi, A., & Guidi, S. (2026) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/3822301.3822337
Comparing Human and Generative AI Ethical Decision-Making in Computer Ethics Education
Tonbuloğlu, B., Kert, S. B., & Başal, A. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2734059
Ergonomics, Robotics, and Disciplinary Integration
Barresi, G., Bertolaso, M., Falk, T. H., Castellini, C., Rosen, P. H., & Wischniewski, S. (2026) · Springer tracts in advanced robotics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19374-2_5
Singh, A., Samuel, S., & Lee, H. (2026) · Autonomous Transportation Research · doi:10.1016/j.atres.2026.10.001
- Authors
- Frank, D.-A., Chrysochou, P., Mitkidis, P., & Ariely, D.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frank, Darius-Aurel
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2019-09-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13080-13080
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6739396
- OpenAlex
- W2972894832
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- autonomous vehicles, ethical dilemmas, ethical decision-making, decision bias, personal perspective, deontology, consequentialism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Artificial Intelligence, Automobiles, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Male, Morals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
