Hidden pandemic: COVID-19-related stress, SLC6A4 methylation, and infants’ temperament at 3 months
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a collective trauma that may have enduring stress effects during sensitive periods, such as pregnancy. Prenatal stress may result in epigenetic signatures of stress-related genes (e.g., the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4 ) that may in turn influence infants’ behavioral development. In April 2020, we launched a longitudinal cohort study to assess the behavioral and epigenetic vestiges of COVID-19-related prenatal stress exposure in mothers and infants. COVID-19-related prenatal stress was retrospectively assessed at birth. SLC6A4 methylation was assessed in thirteen CpG sites in mothers and infants’ buccal cells. Infants’ temperament was assessed at 3-month-age. Complete data were available from 108 mother-infant dyads. Greater COVID-19-related prenatal stress was significantly associated with higher infants’ SLC6A4 methylation in seven CpG sites. SLC6A4 methylation at these sites predicted infants’ temperament at 3 months.
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SLC6A4 methylation is suggested to influence infants' temperament.
“The SLC6A4 methylation is suggested to influence infants’ temperament [151].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [151]
Higher stress-related gene SLC6A4 methylation is present in newborns after exposure to elevated prenatal stress.
“Additionally, there are reports of higher stress-related gene SLC6A4 methylation in newborns after exposure to elevated prenatal stress.”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [151]
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Umani, animali bi-cerebrali: perché dovremmo occuparci di genitori?
Provenzi, L. (2023) · QUADERNI ACP · doi:10.53141/qacp.2023.199-2001
Self-citationCOMPLICAÇÕES DA COVID-19 NO PERÍODO GESTACIONAL: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Silva, S. G. R., Rocha, R. O., Ribeiro, L. V. S., Vieira, I. S., & Ferreira, J. B. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences · doi:10.36557/2674-8169.2023v5n5p1866-1884
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Prenatal Covid-19 on Toddler Development
Pasongli, S., Budu, B., Ahmad, M., Prihantono, P., Hidayanti, H., & Arsyad, M. A. (2023) · JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN · doi:10.31965/infokes.vol21.iss2.1176
Kocher, K. M., Ngwa, J. S., Kapse, K. J., Bhattacharya, S., Rossi, C., Délot, E. C., duPlessis, A. J., Limperopoulos, C., & Andescavage, N. N. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01741-8
Wigley, I. L. C. M., Nazzari, S., Pastore, M., Grumi, S., & Provenzi, L. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001627
Self-citationBucci, S., Bevilacqua, F., Arlini, B., Raho, L., Braguglia, A., Santi, R. M., Menghini, D., Vicari, S., Dotta, A., & Aite, L. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Neonatology · doi:10.4103/jcn.jcn_89_25
- Authors
- Provenzi, L., Mambretti, F., Villa, M., Grumi, S., Citterio, A., Bertazzoli, E., Biasucci, G., Decembrino, L., Falcone, R., Gardella, B., Longo, M. R., Nacinovich, R., Pisoni, C., Prefumo, F., Orcesi, S., Scelsa, B., Giorda, R., & Borgatti, R.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Eugenio Medea (IT)
- Aziende Socio Sanitarie Territoriale Lodi (IT)
- Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital (IT)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo (IT)
- Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione (IT)
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (IT)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Provenzi, Livio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-08-02
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15658-15658
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8329206
- OpenAlex
- W3162364778
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 10.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministero della Salute (Cinque per Mille 2017)
- Roche Italia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, prenatal stress, serotonin transporter, serotonin transporter gene, DNA methylation, epigenetics, infant temperament, maternal stress exposure, mother-infant dyads, buccal epithelial cells, CpG sites
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Stress, Physiological, DNA Methylation, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Pandemics
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