Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Background Anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnancy typically affect between 10 and 25% of pregnant individuals. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with increased risk of preterm birth, postpartum depression, and behavioural difficulties in children. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a unique stressor with potentially wide-ranging consequences for pregnancy and beyond.Methods We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the current COVID-19 pandemic and determined factors that were associated with psychological distress. 1987 pregnant participants in Canada were surveyed in April 2020. The assessment included questions about COVID-19-related stress and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety, and social support.Results We found substantially elevated anxiety and depression symptoms compared to similar pre-pandemic pregnancy cohorts, with 37% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and 57% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety. Higher symptoms of depression and anxiety were associated with more concern about threats of COVID-19 to the life of the mother and baby, as well as concerns about not getting the necessary prenatal care, relationship strain, and social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher levels of perceived social support and support effectiveness, as well as more physical activity, were associated with lower psychological symptoms.Conclusion This study shows concerningly elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, that may have long-term impacts on their children. Potential protective factors include increased social support and exercise, as these were associated with lower symptoms and thus may help mitigate long-term negative outcomes.
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The COVID-19 pandemic is linked to mental health problems, particularly in pregnancy and the early postpartum period.
“The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with mental health difficulties, especially during pregnancy and early postpartum.”
From The Indirect Effect of Parental Intolerance of Uncertainty on Perinatal Mental Health via Mindfulness During COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Lebel et al., 2020
The Conclusions report elevated anxiety and depression symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Discussion mentions postpartum depression only as a potential consequence of prenatal distress; the study does not establish mental health difficulties during the early postpartum period. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of pregnant women, with more than one-third reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and more than half reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety.
“In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of pregnant women, with more than one-third reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and more than half of women reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety (2–4).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
Access to in-person psychological treatments has been severely limited in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, further highlighting the need for effective interventions delivered remotely.
“At the same time, access to in-person psychological treatments has been severely limited in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, further highlighting the need for effective interventions delivered remotely (3).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L., & Giesbrecht, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lebel, Catherine
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 5-13
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7395614
- OpenAlex
- W3046762513
- Cited by
- 1,017
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 228 · 2022: 281 · 2021: 215 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 144.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-01-15)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, prenatal anxiety, COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, social support, physical activity, prenatal care access, relationship strain, social isolation, maternal mental health, pregnancy-related anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Canada, Depression, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Social Isolation, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Depression, Postpartum, Pregnant People, Pregnant Women, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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