Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite
Open accessAbstract
The carbon net negative conversion of bio-char, the low value byproduct of pyrolysis bio-oil production from biomass, to high value, very high purity, highly crystalline flake graphite agglomerates with rationally designed shape and size tailored for lithium-ion battery energy storage material is reported. The process is highly efficient, 0.41 g/Wh; the energy content of its co-product of the process, bio-oil, exceeds that needed to power the process. It is shown that the shape of the starting material is retained during the transformation, allowing the ultimate morphology of the graphite agglomerates to be engineered from relatively malleable biomass. In contrast to commercial graphite production, the process can be performed at small scale with low equipment costs, enabling individual research laboratories to produce Li-ion grade graphite with customizable shape, size and porosity for Si/graphite composite and other graphite involved anodes. The mechanism of the graphitization of bio-char, a "non-graphitizable" carbon, is explored, suggesting the molten metal catalyst is absorbed into the pore structure, transported through and transforming the largely immobile biochar. Finally, the transformation of biomass to rationally designed graphite morphologies with Li-ion anode performance that closely mimic commercial shaped graphite is demonstrated.
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Catalytic graphitization of biochar, obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass waste or energy crops, has shown GHG emissions intensities between 1.2 and 3.5 kg CO2-equiv kg-1 battery-grade graphite.
“Catalytic graphitization of biochar, obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass waste or energy crops, has shown GHG emissions intensities between 1.2 and 3.5 kg CO2-equiv kg 1 battery-grade graphite. 91,92”
From Decarbonizing lithium-ion battery primary raw materials supply chain (2024) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Banek, N. A., McKenzie, K. R., Abele, D. T., & Wagner, M. J.
- Affiliations
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wagner, Michael J.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2022-05-16
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8080-8080
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9110727
- OpenAlex
- W4280488448
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Reconnaissance Office (NRO000-14-C-0335)
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Graphite, nuclear technology, radiation studies
- Keywords
- biomass conversion, biochar, lithium-ion battery anodes, bio-oil, energy storage materials
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Graphite, Ions, Lithium, Electric Power Supplies, Biomass
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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