A programmable diffractive deep neural network based on a digital-coding metasurface array

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Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces for Task-Oriented Semantic Communications

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Frequency‐Multiplexed Holographic‐Reflective Coding Metasurface for Independent Controls of Surface Wave and Spatially Propagating Wave

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A Single-Layered Wideband and Wide-Angle Transparent Metasurface for Enhancing the EM-Wave Transmissions Through Glass

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Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Based Transceiver Design for Near-Field Wideband Systems

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Structured light meets machine intelligence

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Phase-to-pattern inverse design for a fast realization of a functional metasurface by combining a deep neural network and a genetic algorithm

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A comprehensive review of optical diffusers: progress and prospects

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Efficient Gradient-Based Metasurface Optimization toward the Limits of Wavelength-Polarization Multiplexing

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Pyramid diffractive optical networks for unidirectional image magnification and demagnification

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DRL-Based Orchestration of Multi-User MISO Systems with Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces

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Joint Beamforming and Power Allocation Design for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces-Aided Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

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Photonic Integrated Circuits: Research Advances and Challenges in Interconnection and Packaging Technologies

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Orbital angular momentum optical communications enhanced by artificial intelligence

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Multi-User MISO With Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces: A DRL-Based Sum-Rate Optimization Approach

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Achievable Rate Optimization for Large Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces Based on Statistical CSI

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Advances in artificial intelligence for artificial metamaterials

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Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces for Enhancing MIMO Communications

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Stretchable reconfigurable logic gate based on near-infrared photoelectric modulation

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Intelligent Hand‐Gesture Recognition Based on Programmable Topological Metasurfaces

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Uplink Performance of Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Enhanced Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

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Super-resolution diffractive neural network for all-optical direction of arrival estimation beyond diffraction limits

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VO 2 -enabled transmission-reflection switchable coding terahertz metamaterials

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High-Efficiency Transmissive Tunable Metasurfaces for Binary Cascaded Diffractive Layers

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Varifocal Metalens for Compact and Accurate Quantitative Phase Imaging

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Metasurface Energy Harvesters: State-of-the-Art Designs and Their Potential for Energy Sustainable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

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Mapping information and light: Trends of AI-enabled metaphotonics

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Integrated Polarization, Distance, and Rotation for Multi‐DoF Diffractive Processor and Information Encryption

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A review of recent progress on directional metasurfaces: concept, design, and application

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A perspective on the artificial intelligence’s transformative role in advancing diffractive optics

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Classification of Metal Handwritten Digits Based on Microwave Diffractive Deep Neural Network

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Towards large-scale single-shot millimeter-wave imaging for low-cost security inspection

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Machine Learning-Based Channel Estimation for Multi-RIS-Assisted mmWave Massive-MIMO OFDM System in a Dynamic Environment

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Vectorial Beams With Longitudinally Varying Polarizations Generated by Surface‐Wave Metasurfaces

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Complex‐Amplitude Programmable Versatile Metasurface Platform Driven by Guided Wave

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Transfer learning for metamaterial design and simulation

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All-optical phase conjugation using diffractive wavefront processing

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Stacked Intelligent Metasurface Performs a 2D DFT in the Wave Domain for DOA Estimation

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Reprogrammable Spoof Plasmonic Modulator

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Negative Conductivity Induced Reconfigurable Gain Metasurfaces and Their Nonlinearity

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Programmable manipulation of terahertz beams by hybrid graphene-metal coding metasurfaces

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Plasmonic metafiber for all‐fiber Q ‐switched cylindrical vector lasers

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Intelligent autoencoder for space-time-coding digital metasurfaces

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Metasurfaces and their intelligent advances

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Photonic Bound States in the Continuum in Nanostructures

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Spin‐Selective Absorption and Geometric‐Phase Modulation via Chiral Metasurface in Triple Bands

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Advanced all-optical classification using orbital-angular-momentum-encoded diffractive networks

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Simplified radar architecture based on information metasurface

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From performance to structure: a comprehensive survey of advanced metasurface design for next-generation imaging

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Perspective on 3D vertically‐integrated photonic neural networks based on VCSEL arrays

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Tunable Water‐Based Meta‐Lens

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Multi-wavelength diffractive neural network with the weighting method

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Dual-band real-time object identification via polarization reversal based on 2D GeSe image sensor

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Broadband, Transmissive, and Cascadable Terahertz Programmable Metasurface

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Fundamentals to emerging concepts and applications of metasurfaces for flat optics: a tutorial

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A deep neural network for general scattering matrix

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Electromagnetic Metasurfaces: Insight into Evolution, Design and Applications

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Design of Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces With Reconfigurable Amplitude and Phase for Multiuser Downlink Beamforming

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Dynamics, synchronization and analog circuit implementation of a discrete neuron-like map with pulsating spiral dynamics

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Physical twinning for joint encoding-decoding optimization in computational optics: a review

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Electromagnetic Brain–Computer–Metasurface Holography

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Time‐Lapse Image Classification Using a Diffractive Neural Network

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Computer‐Vision Based Gesture‐Metasurface Interaction System for Beam Manipulation and Wireless Communication

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Synergy between AI and Optical Metasurfaces: A Critical Overview of Recent Advances

Jakšić, Z. (2024) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics11050442 · Cited by 21

Reprogrammable reflection-transmission integrated coding metasurface for real-time terahertz wavefront manipulations in full-space

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Reconfigurable Metasurface with Multiple Functionalities of Frequency‐Selective Rasorber, Frequency‐Selective Surface, Absorber, and Reflector

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Space-Time Thermal Binary Coding by a Spatiotemporally Modulated Metashell

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A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Design Metasurfaces From Desired Far-Field Specifications

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Multiplexed All‐Optical Permutation Operations Using a Reconfigurable Diffractive Optical Network

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Microwave Speech Recognizer Empowered by a Programmable Metasurface

Zhang, H., Ruan, H., Zhao, H., Wang, Z., Hu, S., Cui, T. J., del Hougne, P., & Li, L. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202309826 · Cited by 20

Intelligent metasurfaces: Integration of artificial intelligence technology and metasurfaces

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Compact eternal diffractive neural network chip for extreme environments

Dong, Y., Lin, D., Chen, L., Li, B., Chen, X., Zhang, Q., Luan, H., Fang, X., & Gu, M. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00211-6 · Cited by 20

Fundamentals and recent developments of free-space optical neural networks

McNeil, A. M., Li, Y., Zhang, A., Moebius, M. G., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0215752 · Cited by 21

Mutual Information Optimization for SIM-Based Holographic MIMO Systems

Perović, N. S., & Tran, L. (2024) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2024.3449950 · Cited by 20

Artificial optical synaptic devices with ultra-low power consumption

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Stacked Intelligent Metasurface Enabled Near-Field Multiuser Beamfocusing in the Wave Domain

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UAV-Mounted SIM: A Hybrid Optical-Electronic Neural Network for DoA Estimation

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Deep learning in light–matter interactions

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Uncertainty Qualification for Metasurface Design with Amendatory Bayesian Network

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光计算和光电智能计算研究进展

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A Novel Comprehensive Multiport Network Model for Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM) Characterization and Optimization

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High-throughput optical neuromorphic graphic processing at millions of images per second

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Analysis of Diffractive Neural Networks for Seeing Through Random Diffusers

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RIS-Based on-the-Air Semantic Communications — A Diffractional Deep Neural Network Approach

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Fundamentals and applications of millimeter-wave and terahertz programmable metasurfaces

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A Surrogate-Assisted Extended Generative Adversarial Network for Parameter Optimization in Free-Form Metasurface Design

Dai, M., Jiang, Y., Yang, F., Chattoraj, J., Xia, Y., Xu, X., Zhao, W., Dao, M. H., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106654 · Cited by 17

Diffractive tensorized unit for million-TOPS general-purpose computing

Wang, C., Cheng, Y., Xu, Z., Dai, Q., & Fang, L. (2025) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01749-3 · Cited by 20

Emerging optical techniques for sorting and detection of chiral particles

Shi, Y., Li, C., Lin, X., Xue, W., Lai, C., He, T., Song, Q., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Tsai, D. P., et al. (2026) · Opto-Electronic Advances · doi:10.29026/oea.2026.250255 · Cited by 17

Full‐Space Double‐Layer Patterned 2‐Bit Coding Metasurface Hologram

Dong, L., Li, X. S., Zhu, L., Burokur, S. N., Wu, Q., & Ding, X. M. (2022) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.202200229 · Cited by 17

Programmable metamaterials

Wu, R. Y., Wu, L., He, S. X., Liu, S., & Cui, T. J. (2023) · Programmable Materials · doi:10.1017/pma.2023.1 · Cited by 17

Kirigami‐Inspired Planar Deformable Metamaterials for Multiple Dynamic Electromagnetic Manipulations

Han, D., Li, W., Liu, M., Sun, T., Hou, Y., Chen, X., Shi, H., Fan, Z., Wang, X., Meng, F., et al. (2023) · Laser & Photonics Review · doi:10.1002/lpor.202300374 · Cited by 17

Spatial multiplexing encryption with cascaded metasurfaces

Fan, Z., Jia, Y., Chen, H., & Qian, C. (2023) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/ad0659 · Cited by 17

Reconfigurable metamaterial processing units that solve arbitrary linear calculus equations

Fu, P., Xu, Z.-L., Zhou, T., Li, H., Wu, J., Dai, Q., & Li, Y. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50483-x · Cited by 17

Empowering nanophotonic applications via artificial intelligence: pathways, progress, and prospects

Chen, W., Yang, S., Yan, Y., Gao, Y., Zhu, J., & Dong, Z. (2025) · Nanophotonics · doi:10.1515/nanoph-2024-0723 · Cited by 17

Exploiting optical degrees of freedom for information multiplexing in diffractive neural networks

Zuo, C., & Chen, Q. (2022) · Light Science & Applications · doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00903-8 · Cited by 17

Energy-Efficient SIM-Assisted Communications: How Many Layers Do We Need?

Shi, E., Zhang, J., An, J., Renzo, M. D., Ai, B., & Yuen, C. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3612266 · Cited by 16

Integration of Programmable Diffraction with Digital Neural Networks

Rahman, M. S. S., & Özcan, A. (2024) · ACS Photonics · doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.4c01099 · Cited by 18

Optoelectronic integrated circuits for analog optical computing: Development and challenge

Dan, Y., Fan, Z., Chen, Q., Lai, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, T. Y., & Xu, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2022.1064693 · Cited by 18

Diffractive Deep Neural Networks based on Programmable Nonlinear Metasurfaces

Ning, Y., Ma, Q., & Cui, T. J. (2024) · International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA) · doi:10.1109/iceaa61917.2024.10702001

Metasurface-Based Image Classification Using Diffractive Deep Neural Network

Cheng, K., Deng, C., Ye, F., Li, H., Shen, F., Fan, Y., & Gong, Y. (2024) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano14221812 · Cited by 9

Metasurface-empowered freely arrangeable multitask diffractive neural networks

Tian, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., Shao, J., Cheng, J., & Wu, C. (2025) · Photonics Research · doi:10.1364/prj.576203 · Cited by 8

Pluggable multitask diffractive neural networks based on cascaded metasurfaces

He, C., Zhao, D., Fan, F., Zhou, H., Li, X., Li, Y., Li, J., Dong, F., Miao, Y.-X., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Opto-Electronic Advances · doi:10.29026/oea.2024.230005 · Cited by 128

Artificial intelligence built on wireless signals

Lin, X. (2022) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-022-00724-y · Cited by 5