Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces for Enhancing MIMO Communications
Open accessAbstract
Flexible intelligent metasurfaces (FIMs) show great potential for improving the wireless network capacity in an energy-efficient manner. An FIM is a soft array consisting of several low-cost radiating elements. Each element can independently emit electromagnetic signals, while flexibly adjusting its position even perpendicularly to the overall surface to ‘morph’ its 3D shape. More explicitly, compared to a conventional rigid antenna array, an FIM is capable of finding an optimal 3D surface shape that provides improved signal quality. In this paper, we study point-to-point multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications between a pair of FIMs. In order to characterize the capacity limits of FIM-aided MIMO transmissions over frequency-flat fading channels, we formulate a transmit optimization problem for maximizing the MIMO channel capacity by jointly optimizing the 3D surface shapes of the transmitting and receiving FIMs as well as the MIMO transmit covariance matrix, subject to the total transmit power constraint and to the maximum perpendicular morphing range of the FIM. To solve this problem, we develop an efficient block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm. The BCD algorithm iteratively updates the 3D surface shapes of the FIMs and the transmit covariance matrix, while keeping the other fixed, to find a locally optimal solution. Numerical results verify that FIMs can achieve higher MIMO capacity than that of the conventional rigid arrays. In particular, the MIMO channel capacity can be doubled by the proposed BCD algorithm under some setups.
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The application of FIMs to wireless networks has shown significant potential, especially in terms of their adaptability to dynamic wireless environments.
“The application of FIMs to wireless networks has shown significant potential, especially in terms of their adaptability to dynamic wireless environments [29], [30].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
The MIMO channel capacity can even be doubled under certain system configurations using FIMs.
“Specifically, the MIMO channel capacity can even be doubled under certain system configurations.”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Numerical results in [30] verified that FIMs can achieve higher MIMO capacity than conventional rigid arrays.
“Numerical results verified that FIMs can achieve higher MIMO capacity than conventional rigid arrays.”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
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Ebrahimi, K., Borhani, F., Mehrzad, Z., Alikhani, A., Mili, M. R., Chatzinotas, S., & Al‐Dhahir, N. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2026.3735834
Flexible Intelligent Metasurface in Aerial BD-RIS-Assisted Terahertz Communications System With RSMA
Khari, A., Ebrahimi, K., Mehrzad, Z., Poureslami, A., Mili, M. R., Mashhadi, M. B., & Jorswieck, E. A. (2026) · IEEE Wireless Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lwc.2026.3739122
Flexible Precoding Design for MU-MISO Systems Enabled by Flexible Intelligent Metasurfaces
Wang, Y., Yang, S., An, J., & Peng, J. (2026) · IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC) · doi:10.1109/iscc70364.2026.11739940
Self-citation
- Authors
- An, J., Han, Z., Niyato, D., Debbah, M., Yuen, C., & Hanzo, L.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- University of Houston (US)
- Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Communications
- Published
- 2025-09
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 7349-7365
- ISSN
- 0090-6778 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0857
- OpenAlex
- W4408325233
- Semantic Scholar
- 6003bdea862a098e268f03e5a6200276784b654e
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 7.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Communications (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (M22L1b0110)
- Ministry of Education Tier2 (T2EP50124-0032)
- Info-communications Media Development Authority (FCP-NTURG-2024-025)
- NSF (ECCS-2302469, CMMI-2222810)
- Amazon and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Adopting Sustainable Partnerships for Innovative Research Ecosystem (JPMJAP2326)
- National Research Foundation, Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority under its Future Communications Research & Development Programme (FCP-NTU-RG-2022-010, FCP-ASTAR-TG-2022-003)
- Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE) Tier 1 (RG87/22, RG24/24)
- NTU Centre for Computational Technologies in Finance (NTU-CCTF)
- RIE2025 Industry Alignment Fund - Industry Collaboration Projects (I2301E0026)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) projects (EP/Y037243/1, EP/W016605/1, EP/X01228X/1, EP/Y026721/1, EP/W032635/1, EP/X04047X/1)
- European Research Council’s Advanced Fellow Grant QuantCom (789028)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Antenna Design and Analysis
- Keywords
- MIMO communication, channel capacity maximization, transmit covariance matrix, energy-efficient wireless networks
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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