Artificial intelligence-powered electronic skin

From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees

Lundberg, S. M., Erion, G., Chen, H., DeGrave, A., Prutkin, J. M., Nair, B., Katz, R., Himmelfarb, J., Bansal, N., & Lee, S.-I. (2020) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-019-0138-9 · Cited by 10,551

Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis

Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., Fahad, H. M., Ota, H., Shiraki, H., Kiriya, D., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16521 · Cited by 5,087 · cited 3×

Epidermal Electronics

Kim, D.-H., Lu, N., Ma, R., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, R.-H., Wang, S., Wu, J., Won, S. M., Tao, H., Islam, A., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206157 · Cited by 4,836

A stretchable carbon nanotube strain sensor for human-motion detection

Yamada, T., Hayamizu, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Yomogida, Y., Izadi-Najafabadi, A., Futaba, D. N., & Hata, K. (2011) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.36 · Cited by 3,247

Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network

Hannun, A. Y., Rajpurkar, P., Haghpanahi, M., Tison, G. H., Bourn, C., Turakhia, M. P., & Ng, A. Y. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0268-3 · Cited by 3,148

Artificial intelligence in healthcare

Yu, K.-H., Beam, A. L., & Kohane, I. S. (2018) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0305-z · Cited by 2,817

25th Anniversary Article: The Evolution of Electronic Skin (E‐Skin): A Brief History, Design Considerations, and Recent Progress

Hammock, M. L., Chortos, A., Tee, B. C. ‐., Tok, J. B. ‐., & Bao, Z. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201302240 · Cited by 2,396

Skin electronics from scalable fabrication of an intrinsically stretchable transistor array

Wang, S., Xu, J., Wang, W., Wang, G. N., Rastak, R., Molina‐Lopez, F., Chung, J. W., Niu, S., Feig, V. R., Lopez, J., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25494 · Cited by 2,216

Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine

Lee, P., Bubeck, S., & Petro, J. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsr2214184 · Cited by 1,738

Dry double-sided tape for adhesion of wet tissues and devices

Yuk, H., Varela, C. E., Nabzdyk, C. S., Mao, X., Padera, R. F., Roche, E. T., & Zhao, X. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1710-5 · Cited by 1,534

Advances in material design and applications of electronic skins: From human body to embodied intelligent robots

Xu, K., Ke, K., Hu, Y., Guo, J.-X., Niu, S.-J., Wang, Y., Yin, B., Jiang, Y., Yang, M., & Yang, W. M. (2026) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101786 · Cited by 1

Magneto‐responsive fibers and fabrics for soft systems

Zhu, H., Cui, J., Fan, Q., ZHANG, Z., Jiang, C., Tam, H., Zhao, Y. J., Wang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2026) · FlexMat. · doi:10.1002/flm2.70120

Near-Field Power and Data Networking via Meandered E-Textiles for Continuous, Large-Scale BodyNet

Takahashi, R., & Kawahara, Y. (2026) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2026.3712563 · Cited by 1

An intelligent electronic-textile system with adaptive sweat-regulation for continuous exercise-induced fatigue monitoring

Wu, J., Yang, J., Liu, Q., Zhang, P., Zheng, B., Liu, L., An, T., Wang, H., Xu, F., Shen, Y., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76168-1 · Cited by 3

Mechanical Tester Driven by Surface Tension

Wang, Y., Shao, B., Song, J., Hong, W., & Guo, C. F. (2024) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00702 · Cited by 1

Wrist-to-Wrist Bioimpedance Can Reliably Detect Discrete Self-Touch

Forte, M., Vardar, Y., Javot, B., & Kuchenbecker, K. J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3544385 · Cited by 2

AI for IMPACTS: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating the Long-term Real-world Impacts of AI-powered Clinician Tools (Preprint)Preprint

Jacob, C., Brasier, N., Laurenzi, E., Heuss, S., Mougiakakou, S. G., Çöltekin, A., & Peter, M. K. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.67485 · Cited by 1

Glucose and Lactate Monitoring Using Polyphenol Subdermal Wearable Patches

Vulpe, G., Liu, G., Oakley, S., Yang, G., Arjun, A. M., Waldron, M., & Sharma, S. (2024) · IEEE BioSensors Conference (BioSensors) · doi:10.1109/biosensors61405.2024.10712673

Skin-Interfaced Wearable Biosensors

Gao, W. (2024) · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ... · doi:10.1109/sensors60989.2024.10784806

Enhancing Robotic Hand Control with Electronic Slime-Based Flexible Finger Joint Motion Sensor

Feng, Y., Sun, H., Chen, M., Yu, X., Wu, C., Zhang, G., & Li, W. J. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0795-2_30

Biomedical Devices: Design, Development, and Implementation

Jawad, F. K., Ali, H. A. K. Q., Qader, M. H., Fakhri, S. S., & Abdullah, A. S. L. (2025) · Bright Sky Publications eBooks · doi:10.62906/bs.book.315

Bio‐Inspired Near Tactile Sensor Compression and Computing for Gait Detection

Wang, S., Wang, R., Li, F., Cao, Y., Sun, J. W., Ma, X., Wang, H., & Hao, Y. (2025) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202500164

AI-Powered Predict-Before-Break: Sequence-to-Set Transformer for EarlyWarning Signals in Automotive Telemetry

Khurana, L. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Technology · doi:10.15680/ijarety.2025.1104003

Highly Adaptive Conductive Polymer Electronics Enhance Neural Data and Learning AccuracyPreprint

Mottini, V., Xing, L., Meilinger, C., Inamdar, S., Chen, X. C., Wang, J., Xing, Y., Darbonne, J., Tang, Z., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.14.682347

Through the Lens of OMRAEG: A Critical Review and Optimizing Roadmap for Robotic Emotion Generation

Jin, J. K., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., & Pei, G. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2581856

Machine Learning Based Contact Force Estimation Using a PVDF Tactile Sensing System

Yaacoub, M., Khalifeh, R., Gianoglio, C., Ibrahim, A., & Seminara, L. (2025) · IEEE Interregional NEWCAS Conference (NEWCAS) · doi:10.1109/newcas64648.2025.11107072

Skin-inspired soft bioelectronic epidermal sensing, implantable applications and system integrations

Wei, C., & Zheng, K. (2025) · Materials Today Physics · doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2025.101988

SWOT Analysis of Self-Powering Wearable Sensors for Biomedical Applications

Pıslaru, C., Ursuțiu, D., & Samoilă, C. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME) · doi:10.1109/siitme67657.2025.11293644

A State of the Art on Applications, Recent Challenges, and Future Trends of Artificial Intelligence

Kumari, S. S., & Priyadharsini, S. S. (2025) · International Conference on Power, Instrumentation, Control and Computing (PICC) · doi:10.1109/picc67314.2025.11291239 · Cited by 1

Toward neuromorphic pain sensors: Full-Spectrum artificial nociception via analog-switching memristors with tunable volatility

Gadelmoula, A., Li, X., Mohammad, B. S., Rezeq, M., Cantwell, W. J., & Zheng, L. (2026) · Sensors International · doi:10.1016/j.sintl.2026.100371

Rubber nanocomposites for flexible strain sensors

Rajandran, V., Marlinda, A. R., Azam, A. D., & Saifizul, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29220-0.00006-1

A high-performance fiber shaped train sensor prepared by twisting two conductive core-shell fibers with a double-helix structurePreprint

Shi, X., Zhang, W., Han, Y., Gui, J., Yang, L., Hu, C., Liu, B., Yu, D., & Wang, W. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6135699

Heterogeneous Electronic Skin Integrated With a Neural Network for Simultaneous Sensing of Strain Direction and Intensity

Shi, X., Lee, A., Liu, Y., Xiang, C., Ning, H., Liu, H., Liao, H., An, K., Yang, B., Huang, K., et al. (2026) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202502049

Enhancing Citizen Engagement and Transparency via Immersive Technologies

Iman, M. R., & Sekti, B. A. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7804-6.ch009

Neuro-inspired tactile system for robotic embodied perception

Li, Y., Li, N., Wang, H., Rao, X., Liu, H., Jiang, Y., Zhang, W., Xiao, Y., Tian, Y., Fan, L. H., et al. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.174954

Highly tough all-solid-state ionic conductors based on supramolecular deep eutectic polymers for stretchable wearable sensors

Qi, D., Chen, G., Chen, Y., Zhao, H., Xinyu, M., Zhao, J., Wang, X., He, M., & Hefeng, C. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d5tc03887a

Concentric Rheostat Decoupled 3D Force‐Sensing Module for Smart Table Tennis Training

Liu, Z., Wu, K., Sim, B. R., Lai, W., Chen, X., Liu, J., Wang, Y., & Phee, S. J. (2026) · Advanced Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/aisy.70392

Self-Healing Pd NPs@MXene/PVA hydrogel strain sensor: High sensitivity and wide range for electronic skin

Teng, F., Zheng, H., Tan, S.-C., Fu, L.-L., Huang, Y., Zhu, L., Wu, D., & Li, A. (2026) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2026.141718

Machine learning-driven alignment architecture of heterogeneous data with transient varying semantics

Li, C., Ma, Z., Zeng, Y., Yang, Z., Li, J., Yang, Z., Xiong, J., Niu, S., Wang, Z., Zhao, H., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-72377-w · Cited by 1

Stretchable, Multimodal, E-skin Enabling Edge-AI for Muscle Proprioception

Pang, I., Huang, W., Zhang, X., Qi, X., Xi, N., & Zhang, S. (2026) · IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM) · doi:10.1109/edtm65772.2026.11497853

Deep learning-enabled soft sensor system for multilingual speech recognition and emergency communication

Feng, J., Niu, A., Huang, J., Fu, Z., Ma, H., Yang, Y., Dai, Z., Chen, X., Zeng, Z., & Gui, X. (2026) · Nano Research · doi:10.26599/nr.2026.94908776

Tungsten trioxide@polyvinyl alcohol-based triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and autonomous robotic e-skin sensing

Farheen, S. M. R., Vaishnavi, N., B.Bhoomika, Meti, A., Sangamesha, M. A., & Krishnaveni, S. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.177172

Self-powered intelligent sensing networks for next-generation super airports

Yang, H., Kong, L., Fang, Z., Tang, H., Zhao, X., Wu, X., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2026.105078

Vision-based tactile sensing enhanced by microstructures and lightweight convolutional neural network

Shi, M., Zhang, Y., Guo, X., & Yeatman, E. M. (2026) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-026-01355-5

A monolithic fabrication platform for intrinsically stretchable polymer transistors and complementary circuits

Yuan, Y., Zhao, C., Ronchini, M., Nishio, Y., Zhong, D., Wu, C., Kweon, H., Sun, Z., Mow, R. K., Shi, Y., et al. (2026) · Device · doi:10.1016/j.device.2026.101204

A Bionic Electronic Skin Based on Phase-Separated Ionogels and Macroscopic Triangular Geometric Optimization for AI-Assisted Tactile-Thermal Perception

Xu, Y., Zhu, J., Huang, J., Wu, Z., Yang, K., Liu, Y., Xiong, S., Li, C., Tang, X., Cheng, S., et al. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c05369

Body-templated printing of a large-area and imperceptible organic sensing interface for skin motion recognition

Deng, J., Xiang, C., Chan, Y. L., Zhang, Q., Liang, C., & Wang, W. (2026) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d6mh00793g

Multimodal Wearable Biosensing and Edge AI for Personalized Health: A Comprehensive Review

Wołk, K., Niklewski, J., Tatara, M. S., & Kopczyński, M. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15143237

A self-powered minimal-channel addressable textile-based artificial skin for wearable human–robot interfaces

Zhou, Z., Yuan, Q., Fu, J., Xing, H., Ke, Z., Huang, Y., Mao, B., Zhang, J. M., Li, Y. Q., Li, R., et al. (2026) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2026.112233

Photoelectric Intelligent Sensor Chip: From Device to System

Chen, J. K., Wu, H., & Cheng, W. (2026) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics13080703

A geometry-aware and customizable multimodal sensing system for texture and material identification in prosthetics

Shen, H., Bogdev, N., Zhang, Y., Yao, S., Dutta, P., & Qiu, K. (2026) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2026.103458

Embodied intelligence in biosensors: From biological inspiration to AI integration

Zhuang, L., Wan, H., Kong, L., Yu, B., Wang, X., Wu, J., Xue, Y., Chen, C., Liu, M., Jiang, N., et al. (2026) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2026.102941

Multi-omics and AI-driven personalized precision skincare: from molecular mechanisms to industrial applications

Pan, X., Chen, L., Zhong, C., Huang, Q., Ye, J., Xu, Y., Pan, Y., & Zhou, L. (2026) · Chemical Papers · doi:10.1007/s11696-026-05337-9

Human-inspired time-series health evaluation with an adaptive multimodal electronic skin

Xu, C., Zheng, H., Heng, W., Liu, R., MarionSims, J., Li, J., Jin, P., Tay, R. Y., Min, J., Wang, G., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeg5606 · Cited by 1

A 3D-Printing-Enabled Monolithic Electronic Skin for Multimodal Sensing

Zou, B., Cui, Z., Li, Z., Wang, G., Yu, Y., & Xiong, Z. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems · doi:10.1109/nems69704.2026.11633713

2D MXene ‐Enabled Unidirectional Flexible Optoelectronic Memristor Toward Energy‐Efficient Neuromorphic Photosensing

Anwer, S., Khan, M. U., AbuHamra, N., Waheed, W., Al‐Qutayri, M., & Mohammad, B. (2026) · Energy & environment materials · doi:10.1002/eem2.70502

Recent advances in green printing materials and technologies

Zhang, Z., Yun, Y., Zhang, Z., Su, M., & Song, Y. (2026) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d6cs00520a

Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Enabled Polyampholyte/MXene Eutectogels for Environmentally Tolerant Wearable Respiratory Monitoring

Liu, J., Tang, X., Zhang, L., Tian, R., Wang, X., Miao, B., Sun, Y., Wang, J., Yang, H., & Zheng, W. (2026) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.6c02467

Multifunctional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide‐Based Electronic Skin for AI‐Enhanced Multimodal Human–Machine Interaction and Robotic Control

Zhu, H., Wang, C., Guo, S., Zhu, J., Chen, M., Liu, M., Ding, W., Shen, S., Li, L., Zhong, J., et al. (2026) · Aggregate · doi:10.1002/agt2.70428

Photoelectric/photothermoelectric synergy in bismuth oxyiodide doped ionogel heterostructures for fast-response elastomeric neurovision skin

Zhang, Y., Tao, Z., Fang, G., Tao, G., Huang, C., Chen, C., Guo, R., Zhang, Z., Dun, M., Zhou, Z., et al. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d6tc01707j

Transcending natural evolution in the age of artificial intelligence

Guo, P., Jia, X., Tao, L.-Q., Yang, Y., & Ren, T.-L. (2026) · Science China Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11432-026-5041-7

AI-empowered multimodal intelligent sensors integrated with decoupling and advanced functional materials

Li, Y., Tian, Y., Luo, J., Wang, J., Cheng, J., Suo, C., Wang, C., Li, Z., Li, H., & Chen, X. (2026) · Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials · doi:10.1007/s42114-026-02067-0

Transformation and Upgrading of Health Monitoring Promoted by Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence

Yin, F., Lu, C., Kang, K., Hu, Y., Li, H., & Guo, X. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15194359

Surface energy-directed assembly of liquid metal particles for intelligent wearable electronics

Liu, Y., Yuan, S., Xu, K., Jiang, L., Chai, Z., & Lu, X. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.117629

Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics for sports wearable monitoring: Materials, Device Engineering, and Intelligent Wearable Platforms

Lee, J., Lee, Y., Shin, J., Lee, D. J., Yoon, H., Lee, J. Y., Yu, K. J., & Sang, M. (2026) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2026.119323

A high-performance fiber–shaped strain sensor prepared by twisting two conductive core–shell fibers with a double-helix structure

Shi, X., Zhang, W., Ye, L., Zhou, T., Han, Y., Hu, C., Liu, B., Yu, D., & Wang, W. (2026) · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2026.110358

Salting-Out-Induced Fiber Reinforcement and Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Enable Robust, Freezing-Tolerant, and Dehydration-Resistant Hydrogel Strain Sensors

Tang, X., Wu, S., Wan, H., Duan, J., Chen, Y., Zheng, J., Zhang, J., Pan, H., & Zeng, D. (2026) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.6c03453

A Skin-like Hydrogel with Multidimensional Fillers for Stable Human–Machine Interaction

Xiang, S., Liu, L., Wei, X., Gao, F., Lin, Y., Zhao, Z., Xie, X., & Wu, J. L. (2026) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6c03665

Mathematical methodology in dermatology and electronic skin

Denda, M. (2026) · SKINdeep · doi:10.1553/skindeep.2026.208867

Toward an AI Era: Advances in Electronic Skins

Fu, X., Cheng, W., Wan, G., Yang, Z., & Tee, B. C. K. (2024) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00049 · Cited by 172

Advanced intelligent E-Skin: Multimodal sensing to AI-Driven clinical monitoring

Yu, Z., Feng, J., Dou, W., Ge, X., He, D., Zhang, M., Wang, H., & Zhou, Y. (2026) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2026.103211 · Cited by 5

Evolving Beyond Nature: AI-Driven Rapid Advancements of Bio-Inspired Electronic Skin

Quiquero, D., Noroozi, R., Wang, K., Conliffe, R., & Shi, H. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c24192 · Cited by 2

A review of electronic skin: soft electronics and sensors for human health

Zhang, S., Li, S., Xia, Z., & Cai, K. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c9tb02531f · Cited by 176

Trends in Graphene-Based E-Skin and Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Applications—A Review

Mudhulu, S., Manjunatha, C., Balaji, S., Khosla, A., & Sekhar, P. K. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3294297 · Cited by 40