Epidermal Electronics
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Electronic systems with physical properties matched to the human epidermis can be used in clinical monitoring.
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Wearable sensor technologies are essential for personalized medicine through continuous monitoring of an individual's health.
“Wearable sensor technologies are essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual's state of health1–12.”
From Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
The paper’s Abstract describes skin-integrated sensors for physiological-status monitoring, and its ECG, EMG and EEG demonstrations show that they can measure an individual’s signals. It does not establish that wearable sensors are essential to personalized medicine or demonstrate continuous health monitoring; it notes that long-term use requires further work (Abstract; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe RAM did not have significant signal drift post 1000 stretching cycles at ≈30% strain.
“The RAM did not have significant signal drift post 1000 stretching cycles at ≈30% strain.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The Additional information section (page not specified) reports no resistance degradation in filamentary-serpentine electrodes after 1,000 stretching cycles at 30% tensile strain. It does not identify the tested device as a RAM or report drift in a RAM signal, so those parts of the claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sensors were used to monitor the tension and compression cycles on a wrist for potential application in detecting tremor frequencies in Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.
“The sensors were used to monitor the tension and compression cycles on a wrist for potential application in detecting tremor frequencies in Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.19”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The figure material in the S12 section describes devices on a wrist remaining attached as skin is stretched or wrinkled, and the Additional information describes a strain gauge tested under tensile strain. Neither passage reports monitoring tension–compression cycles on a wrist or proposes detecting tremor frequencies in Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA wearable drug-delivery device featuring silicon nanomembrane strain sensors, a temperature sensor, a resistive random access memory (RAM) array, and electroresistive heaters has been developed.
“A wearable drug‐delivery device featuring silicon nanomembrane strain sensors, a temperature sensor, a resistive random access memory (RAM) array, and electroresistive heaters has been developed (Figure 2c).19”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The Figure 1 caption (indexed under S12; page unavailable) describes a skin-worn electronic platform with temperature sensors and strain gauges. The paper does not describe it as a drug-delivery device or report a resistive RAM array or electroresistive heaters; its concluding passage says further integration of components remains future work. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdditional advances are needed to meet the challenging requirements of the NICU, where comprehensive, continuous sensing with wireless functionality, clinical-grade measurement fidelity, and mechanical form factors that eliminate risk of harm to exceptionally fragile neonatal skin are essential.
“Although such systems can support various types of biophysical measurements of physiological health (8–13), additional advances are needed to meet the challenging requirements of the NICU, where comprehensive, continuous sensing with wireless functionality, clinical-grade measurement fidelity, and mechanical form factors that eliminate risk of harm to exceptionally fragile neonatal skin are essent”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
There has been little progress in the development of soft SCG sensors.
“In contrast, there has been little progress in the development of soft SCG sensors.”
From A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
The Abstract says that many skin-mounted physiological devices still use conventional designs, but it does not assess progress in soft SCG sensors. Searches for SCG and seismocardiography found passages about ECG and other sensors, not the claimed lack of progress in SCG sensors. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe device was able to log data in different memory cells in every 10 s and the data was read in every 0.5 s.
“The device was able to log data in different memory cells in every 10 s and the data was read in every 0.5 s.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The Additional information passage describes recording EMG onset and offset times, but not logging data to different memory cells. Searches for memory cells, 10-second logging, and 0.5-second readout found no passage in our copy supporting either interval. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe constructed RAM operated at 100 μA, where the data was readable over 100 operations.
“The constructed RAM operated at 100 µA, where the data was readable over 100 operations.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The paper’s discussion of device components (Abstract; page unavailable) describes sensors, circuit elements, wireless power coils, and prospective storage capacitors or batteries, but not a constructed RAM. Searches for RAM, memory, 100 µA, and readable data over 100 operations found no passage addressing the claimed performance. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs the heat increased in the wearable device, the physical bonding between the nanoparticles and the drug degraded to diffuse the drug transdermally.
“As the heat increased in the wearable device, the physical bonding between the nanoparticles and the drug degraded to diffuse the drug transdermally.19”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The Abstract describes skin-mounted electronics and lists potential applications, including wound treatment, but does not describe drug delivery. Searches for nanoparticle–drug bonding, heat-triggered release, and transdermal diffusion found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA key concept of this wearable technology was energy-efficient RAM due to the incorporation of gold nanoparticles to extend usage time.
“A key concept of this wearable technology was energy‐efficient RAM due to the incorporation of gold nanoparticles to extend usage time.”
From Wearables in Medicine (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The paper describes skin-integrated electronics and discusses wireless power and possible future storage devices (Epidermal Electronics > Abstract; page not specified). Searches for RAM, gold nanoparticles, and extended usage time found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe significant transition from typical electronics to flexible electronics started with materials and mechanic and design strategies to match the epidermis.
“Significant transition from typical electronics to flexible electronics started with materials and mechanic and design strategies to match the epidermis.24,25”
From From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Flexible and stretchable tactile sensors have achieved a high level of sophistication using both organic and inorganic electronic materials.
“Flexible and stretchable tactile sensors have achieved a high level of sophistication using both organic ( 7 -10 ) and inorganic electronic materials ( 11 -13 ).”
From A skin-inspired organic digital mechanoreceptor (2015) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Kim, D.-H., Lu, N., Ma, R., Kim, Y.-S., Kim, R.-H., Wang, S., Wu, J., Won, S. M., Tao, H., Islam, A., Yu, K. J., Kim, T.-I., Chowdhury, R., Ying, M., Xu, L., Li, M., Chung, H.-J., Keum, H., McCormick, M., Liu, P., Zhang, Y.-W., Omenetto, F. G., Huang, Y., Coleman, T., & Rogers, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Institute of High Performance Computing (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Dae-Hyeong
- Lu, Nanshu
- Ma, Rui
- Rogers, John A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2011-08-12
- Volume
- 333
- Issue
- 6044
- Pages
- 838-843
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W4213360791
- Cited by
- 4,836
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 347 · 2025: 327 · 2024: 317 · 2023: 316 · 2022: 355 · 2021: 401 · 2020: 415 · 2019: 440 · 2018: 443 · 2017: 367 · 2016: 350 · 2015: 283 · 2014: 191 · 2013: 171 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 89.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DEFG0207ER46471, DEFG0207ER46453)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- epidermal electronics, flexible electronics, van der Waals adhesion, conformal contact, temperature sensors, strain sensors, flexible transistors, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, solar cells, wireless power transfer, bioelectric signals
- MeSH terms
- Adhesiveness, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Electrodiagnosis, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Epidermis, Humans, Monitoring, Physiologic, Electric Power Supplies, Semiconductors, Dermis, Elastomers, Nanostructures, Elastic Modulus, Mechanical Phenomena
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