The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.
Multifunctional oncolytic nanoparticles deliver self-replicating IL-12 RNA to eliminate established tumors and prime systemic immunity
Open accessAbstract
Therapies that synergistically stimulate immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD), inflammation, and immune priming are of great interest for cancer immunotherapy. However, even multi-agent therapies often fail to trigger all of the steps necessary for self-sustaining anti-tumor immunity. Here we describe self-replicating RNAs encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNP-replicons), which combine three key elements: (1) an LNP composition that potently promotes ICD, (2) RNA that stimulates danger sensors in transfected cells, and (3) RNA-encoded IL-12 for modulation of immune cells. Intratumoral administration of LNP-replicons led to high-level expression of IL-12, stimulation of a type I interferon response, and cancer cell ICD, resulting in a highly inflamed tumor microenvironment and priming of systemic anti-tumor immunity. In several mouse models of cancer, a single intratumoral injection of replicon-LNPs eradicated large established tumors, induced protective immune memory, and enabled regression of distal uninjected tumors. LNP-replicons are thus a promising multifunctional single-agent immunotherapeutic.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Alternatively to vaccination, a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment can be induced by lipid nanoparticle–mRNA formulations delivering cytokines or co-stimulatory molecules33,106,161,163,214 (Table 2).”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [106]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns
Eisen, M. B., Spellman, P. T., Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863 · Cited by 16,184
Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma
Wolchok, J. D., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Gonzalez, R., Rutkowski, P., Grob, J.-J., Cowey, C. L., Lao, C. D., Wagstaff, J., Schadendorf, D., Ferrucci, P. F., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1709684 · Cited by 5,357
Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer–immune set point
Chen, D. S., & Mellman, I. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21349 · Cited by 5,352
The future of immune checkpoint therapy
Sharma, P., & Allison, J. P. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa8172 · Cited by 4,878
Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation
Scaffidi, P., Misteli, T., & Bianchi, M. E. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature00858 · Cited by 4,221
Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death
Obeid, M., Tesniere, A., Ghiringhelli, F., Fimia, G. M., Apetoh, L., Perfettini, J.-L., Castedo, M., Mignot, G., Panaretakis, T., Casares, N., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1523 · Cited by 3,216
Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease
Galluzzi, L., Buqué, A., Kepp, O., Zitvogel, L., & Kroemer, G. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.107 · Cited by 3,119
Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., Tesniere, A., Obeid, M., Ortiz, C., Criollo, A., Mignot, G., Maiuri, M. C., Ullrich, E., Saulnier, P., et al. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1622 · Cited by 3,056
Talimogene Laherparepvec Improves Durable Response Rate in Patients With Advanced Melanoma
Andtbacka, R. H. I., Kaufman, H. L., Collichio, F. A., AMATRUDA, T. T., Senzer, N. N., Chesney, J. A., Delman, K. A., S̄pitler, L. E., Puzanov, I. J., Agarwala, S. S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2014.58.3377 · Cited by 2,728
Zou, W., Wolchok, J. D., & Chen, L. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7118 · Cited by 2,400
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Van Herpen, C. M. et al. Pharmacokinetics and immunological aspects of a phase Ib study with intratumoral administration of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 9, 2950–2956 (2003).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–233 of 233
Toward precision immunotherapy: In vivo gene editing of T, NK, and myeloid cells
Nguyen, K. H., Das, S., & Matosevic, S. (2026) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2025.100992 · Cited by 1
Dirisala, A., Chatterjee, B., Nguyen, L. B. T., Toh, K., Matsui-Masai, M., Abbasi, S., Liu, X., Tockary, T. A., Qiao, N., Ishikawa, J., et al. (2026) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c08403 · Cited by 1
Li, L., Wang, M., Ye, X., Liu, Z., Duan, Y., Chen, X., Ouyang, Y., Wu, Q., Sun, M., & Xie, T. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70700 · Cited by 1
Engineering a Synthetic RNA Segregation System
Hürtgen, D., Mascarenhas, J., Vibhute, M. A., Weise, L. I., Mayr, V., Sourjik, V., & Mutschler, H. (2023) · ChemSystemsChem · doi:10.1002/syst.202200028 · Cited by 1
pIL-12 delivered by polymer based nanovector for anti-tumor genetherapy
Wen, L., Zan, X., Pang, Q., Hu, Y., Zheng, S., Ran, M., Gao, X., Wang, X., & Wang, B. (2023) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108224 · Cited by 1
Safari, F., Bardania, H., Dehshahri, A., Hallaj‐Nezhadi, S., Asfaram, A., Mohammadi, V., Baneshi, M., Bahramianpour, S., Akrami, N., Khalvati, B., et al. (2024) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.3473 · Cited by 1
Molecular and Macroscopic Therapeutic Systems for Cytokine‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Jin, S. M., Lee, S. N., Yoo, Y. J., & Lim, Y. T. (2021) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100026 · Cited by 1
Engineering the Immune Adaptor Protein STING as a BiologicPreprint
Sun, X., Ni, Y., He, Y., Yang, M., Tani, T., Kitajima, S., Barbie, D. A., & Li, J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.18.431824 · Cited by 1
Lim, T. K. Y., Ritoux, A., Paine, L. W., Ferguson, L., Abdul, T., Grundy, L. J., & Smith, E. S. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105978.2 · Cited by 1
Engineering tumor-homing bacteria as membrane-anchored immune checkpoint-blockade interfacesPreprint
Wang, Z., Fang, C., Zhou, X., Yang, S., Shah, Y. M., Romee, R., Moon, J. J., & Li, J. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.10.731477 · Cited by 1
Engineered devices for tumor microenvironment immune modulation
Cryer, A. M., & Artzi, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90949-5.00005-x
da Silva, J. R. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2021.tde-17032022-102622
Nanoparticles as Gene Vectors in Tumor Therapy
Triantafyllopoulou, E., Kontogiannis, O., Lаgopati, N., Pippa, Ν., & Gazouli, M. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394175635.ch9
Bella, Á. (2024) · Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra) · doi:10.15581/10171/69184
Liu, X., Cai, Z., Ye, H., Chen, G., Dong, X., Li, Z., Lin, F., Huang, T., Qiu, L., Lin, G., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5451996/v1
Self-replicating nanomaterials as a new generation of smart nanostructures
Hasanzadeh, A., Saeedi, S., Dastanpour, L., Biabanaki, Z. S., Asadi, L., Noori, H., Hamblin, M. R., Liu, Y., & Karimi, M. (2025) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108565
Lim, T. K. Y., Ritoux, A., Paine, L. W., Ferguson, L., Abdul, T., & Smith, E. S. J. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105978.1
Down-regulation of colon mucin production induced by Eimeria pragensis infection in mice
Setia, Y. D., Tanaka, M., Tanaka, R., Yoshida, A., Nagayasu, E., AHMADI, P., Yoshida, A., & Maruyama, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Parasitology · doi:10.3389/fpara.2025.1621486
Ishikawa, M., Nambiar, D. K., Sastri, J., Bowling, F., Ishimoto, K., Tao, F., Takahashi, K., Stephanek, I., Cao, H., Leitner, D., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.07.666585
Biomimetic universal CAR-mesenchymal stem cell nanohybrids for anti-tumor therapy
Yang, L.-Y., Huang, M., Zheng, X., Liu, M., Wu, Q., & Fan, X. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.11.004
Yan, Y., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Qu, X., Ma, X., Sun, X., Xiang, G., & Lu, Y. (2026) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102802
Schlatter, J. N., Wei, W., Chen, Y., Melse, A., Wang, Y., Guerra, S., & Oberholzer, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1755796
Neoantigens and shared MICB α3 antigen dual-targeted vaccine generates potent antitumor immunity
Tang, R., Ye, H., Chen, G., Dong, X., Li, Z., Lin, F., Huang, T., Qiu, L., Lin, G., Wu, M., et al. (2026) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-026-00424-6
Nakashima, I., Saito, S., Zhao, J., Tanaka, M., Akahoshi, E., Hasegawa, A., Ishihara‐Sugano, M., Yagyu, S., & NAKAZAWA, Y. (2026) · Molecular Therapy Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.omton.2026.201234
Advances in RNA-Based Therapeutics in Oncology
Lopes-Cardoso, H., Panão-Costa, J., Amaral, A. T., Soares-Gonçalves, J., Neves, B. F., Voronovska, A., Batista, A., Biscaia-Caleiras, M., Fonseca, N. A., Simões, S., et al. (2026) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01636-2_19
GSH-Responsive PBAE Polymers for IL-12 mRNA Delivery in Melanoma Immunotherapy
Bao, X., Xu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Ye, H., & Yang, H. (2026) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.67.5.57
Lundstrom, K. H. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.06.005
Polymeric Nanomedicines for Comprehensive Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment
Li, H., Wu, R.-Y., Mao, X.-T., Zhou, X.-R., Hao, K., & Tian, H.-Y. (2026) · Chinese Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1007/s10118-026-3678-6
Bi, Y., Wu, F., Mao, J., Azad, T., Liu, P., Zhou, X. Y., Xie, H., Hong, K., Qiu, X., Li, B., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1871551
Nanotechnology-based self-amplifying RNA
Deng, Q., Zhou, H., Zhao, S., Zhu, J., Xie, Z., Li, L., Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Dong, P., Cao, T., et al. (2026) · iPharma · doi:10.1016/j.iphar.2026.100006
Emerging mRNA-based nanomedicines for cancer immunotherapy
Yu, C., Wu, X., Luo, S., Wang, H., Huang, C., Zhang, L., & Zhu, D. (2026) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2026.113288
mRNA Delivery with Lipopolymers to Rejuvenate TRAIL Therapy for Lung Cancer Treatment
Remant, K. C., Nasrullah, M., Sundaram, D. N. M., Patel, D., Sandhu, G., Kucharski, C., & Uludağ, H. (2026) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6c00483
Cytokine-based cancer therapy: Materials, strategies, and prospects
Zhou, R., Wang, Z., Li, Z.-H., An, Y., Shan, B., Gong, Q., & Wu, F. (2026) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2026.103205
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, Y., Su, Z., Zhao, W., Zhang, X., Momin, N., Zhang, C., Wittrup, K. D., Dong, Y., Irvine, D. J., & Weiss, R.
- Affiliations
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research At MIT (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dong, Yizhou
- Irvine, Darrell J.
- Weiss, Ron
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Cancer
- Published
- 2020-08-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 882-893
- ISSN
- 2662-1347 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8386348
- OpenAlex
- W3047822613
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (P30-CA14051, CA20618)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (CA20618)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM119679)
- Professor Sylvan G. Frank Graduate Fellowship
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Keywords
- self-replicating RNA, IL-12, immunogenic cancer cell death, cancer immunotherapy, type I interferon response, tumor microenvironment inflammation, systemic antitumor immunity, immunological memory, intratumoral injection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Immunotherapy, Liposomes, Neoplasms, RNA, Interleukin-12, Mice, Nanoparticles, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review