Early experience and emotional development
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Animal models across a variety of species have allowed assessment of the mechanisms by which caregiver abuse engenders neurobehavioral deficits, with programming of the stress system as a point of convergence in adult outcomes.
“Animal models across a variety of species have allowed us to assess the mechanisms by which caregiver abuse engenders neurobehavioral deficits, with programming of the stress system as a point of convergence in adult outcomes (Andersen and Teicher, 2008, Denenberg, 1963, Famularo et al., 1992, Harlow and Harlow, 1965, Hofer, 1994, Levine, 1957, Levine et al., 1985, Teicher et al., 2003).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Denenberg, 1963
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“Prior to standing, early crawling behaviour influences the development of perception and cognition (Campos et al. 1992).”
Francis, D. D., Caldji, C., Champagne, F., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00237-1 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
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Landers, M. S., & Sullivan, R. M. (2012) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000336732 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
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Moriceau, S., & Sullivan, R. M. (2005) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20093 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“Early life experiences, including early attachment experiences, have an enormous impact on adult life in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans (Denenberg, 1963; Harlow & Harlow, 1965; Levine, 1962b; Rosenzweig, Bennett, Diamond, Wu, Slagle, & Saffran, 1969; Schore, 2001).”
The behavioural response of sows to the presence of human beings and its relation to productivity
Hemsworth, P. H., Brand, A., & Willems, P. (1981) · Livestock Production Science · doi:10.1016/0301-6226(81)90031-2 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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“Specifically, infant adverse experiences using shock suggest that unpredictable shock produces greater changes in adult emotionality than predictable shock (Bell and Denenberg, 1962; Denenberg, 1963; Henderson, 1965) and diverges from the adult effects (Shore et al. 1990; Weiss, 1970).”
BackgroundInfluentialMice Reared with Rats: Modification of Behavior by Early Experience with Another Species
Denenberg, V. H., Hudgens, G. A., & ZARROW, M. X. (1964) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.143.3604.380 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
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“Over half a century ago, developmental psychobiologists demonstrated the profound, enduring effects of early life experience on behavioral development using a rodent model (Denenberg, 1963; Greenbough, 1975; Levine, 1962; Turkewitz, Gordon, & Birch, 1965).”
Marr, J. N., & Gardner, L. E. (1965) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1965.10532774 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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“This problem is especially relevant to the early stress and handling literature, in which the critical period for infantile stimulation has been proposed to affect the development of adult reaction to stress (Bell, Reisner, & Linn, 1961; Levine & Lewis, 1959; see also Levine & Mullins, 1966), learning (Bell & Denenber…”
BackgroundOpendak, M., Gould, E., & Sullivan, R. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…caregiver abuse engenders neurobehavioral deficits, with programming of the stress system as a point of convergence in adult outcomes (Andersen and Teicher, 2008; Denenberg, 1963; Famularo et al., 1992; Harlow and Harlow, 1965; Hofer, 1994; Levine, 1957; Levine et al., 1985; Teicher et al., 2003).”
Exploration in the service of prospective control
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“…enduring effects of early life experience (Bell & Denenberg, 1962; Branchi, 2009; Cameron et al., 2005; Champagne & Curley, 2009; Coe et al., 1983; Denenberg, 1963; Harlow & Harlow, 1965; Jordan et al., 1985; Levine, 1952, 1967, 2001; Macri & Wurbel, 2006; O’Connor & Cameron, 2006; Rosenzweig et…”
Frick, A., & Möhring, W. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02049 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“We also assessed several control variables (verbal IQ and socio-economic status) as well as inhibitory control, visuo-spatial and verbal working memory.”
BackgroundMethodEffects of infantile undernutrition on adult learning in rats: Methodological and design problems.
Crnic, L. S. (1976) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.83.4.715 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Sevelinges, Y., Sullivan, R. M., Messaoudi, B., & Mouly, A. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.998508 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The present work complements earlier data on compromised adult learning and emotionality derived from other early life experience paradigms, such as painful shock or separation from the mother (Levine 1957, 1962; Denenberg and Bell 1960; Bell and Denenberg 1962; Lindholm 1962; Denenberg 1963; Henderson 1965; Coplan et…”
BackgroundResultWelch, M. G., Barone, J. L., Porges, S. W., Hane, A. A., Kwon, K. Y., Ludwig, R. J., Stark, R. I., Surman, A. L., Kołacz, J., & Myers, M. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236930 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effect of maternal environment on the behavior of inbred mice.
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“The idea that the early postnatal period is a critical time for the establishment of lifelong behavioural profile has considerable support (Denenberg, 1963; Levine and Alpert, 1959).”
BackgroundOpendak, M. M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2016) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31276 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This has been modeled in research involving many animal species since the 1950s (Andersen & Teicher, 2008; Denenberg, 1963; Famularo, Kinscherff, & Fenton, 1992; Harlow & Harlow, 1965; Hofer, 1994; Levine, 1957; Levine, Johnson, & Gonzalez, 1985; Teicher et al., 2003).”
The effects of tetraethyl lead on behavior in the rat
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Early-Life Experiences: Enduring Behavioral, Neurological, and Endocrinological Consequences
Romeo, R., Tang, A. C., & Sullivan, R. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008088783-8.00062-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Unique infant neurobiology produces distinctive trauma processing
Opendak, M. M., & Sullivan, R. M. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100637 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…to later life mental health difficulties; these phenomena have been modeled using a variety of animal species for decades (Levine, 1957; Denenberg, 1963; Harlow and Harlow, 1965; Levine et al., 1985; Famularo et al., 1992; Hofer, 1994; Teicher et al., 2003; Andersen and Teicher, 2008).”
Habit reversal improvement in the fish
Setterington, R. G., & Bishop, H. E. (1967) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03331066 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Model for the Interpretation and Analysis of Concept Formation
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Infant Attachment and Social Modification of Stress Neurobiology
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“…the brain as a mediator of stress impacts (Beach and Jaynes, 1954; Fisher, 1955; Harlow and Zimmermann, 1958; Levine and Lewis, 1959; Spitz, 1960; Hess, 1962; Stanley, 1962; Denenberg, 1963, 1964; Denenberg and Whimby, 1963; Bolles and Woods, 1964; Schaffer and Emerson, 1964; Bowlby, 1965).”
BackgroundMemory and Plasticity in the Olfactory System: From Infancy to Adulthood
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“Notably, the main mediator of all environmental stimulation of the pups is maternal behaviour (Leon, 1992), and the quality of the bond between the mother and the infant determines its adult behavioural phenotype (Denenberg, 1963).”
BackgroundAttachment Figure's Regulation of Infant Brain and Behavior
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“For instance, infant adverse experiences using electric foot shocks suggest, that predictable foot shocks produce different outcome on adult emotionality than unpredictable shock [10,189].”
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“The majority of the infantile stimulation studies (e.g., Denenberg, 1963) have found that electric shock reduces subsequent emotionality.”
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“In addition, the canditians af stress to which young animals are expased strangly influence the develapment and emotianality of -11- these animals when adult (Levine, 1960, 1962; Denenberg, 1963).”
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“…of a behavloural deflclt In socmlly deprived rats Young rats are known to be Incapable of compensatmg for the consequences of the mother’s absence (Denenberg, 1963, Koch and Arnold, 1972) but this compensation mablllty 1s exhIbIted by older rats - slbhngs - after the weamng penod (Plaut,…”
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Zojourner, A. (1985) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Finoqueto, Y. O., Nascimento, C. S., Rodrigues, P., & Maia, L. A. C. R. (2026) · Revista Electrónica de PortalesMedicos com · doi:10.64396/v21-0214
- Authors
- Denenberg, V. H.
- Corresponding author
- Denenberg, Victor H.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1963-06
- Volume
- 208
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 138-147
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042464567
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- early life experience, emotional development, child development, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Emotions
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