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Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms
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“Even the interaction with the surrounding environment can be crucial for defining cellular cooperation and the evolution of microbial communities [16,17,18,19,20].”
From Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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Items 101–200 of 530
Belas, R., Schneider, R. E., & Melch, M. (1998) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.180.23.6126-6139.1998 · Cited by 111
Hardman, A., Stewart, G. S. A. B., & Williams, P. M. (1998) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1023/a:1001178702503 · Cited by 109
Biological emergences: evolution by natural experiment
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-1451 · Cited by 106
Jacob, E. B., Shapira, Y., & Tauber, A. I. (2005) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2005.05.096 · Cited by 101
“cellular community., It has been proposed [ 7-15 ] that these fundamental cognitive”
BackgroundFormation of colony patterns by a bacterial cell population
Matsushita, M., Wakita, J.-I., Itoh, H., et al. (1999) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(99)00328-3 · Cited by 102
Xu, H., Chater, K. F., Deng, Z., & Tao, M. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01849-07 · Cited by 99
Emergence is coupled to scope, not level
Ryan, A. (2007) · Complexity · doi:10.1002/cplx.20203 · Cited by 102
“Anabaena spatially separates the processes in separate heterocysts and passes the products between cells using filaments [35].”
BackgroundMammalian hormones in microbial cells
Lenard, J. (1992) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90323-2 · Cited by 98
Is Bacterial Persistence a Social Trait?
Gardner, A., West, S. A., & Griffin, A. S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000752 · Cited by 94
“The prevalent view within the microbial literature is that this behaviour can explained by benefits accruing at the level of the population, since persister cells represent an insurance policy that permits population survival in the event of catastrophe [2–3,10,13–15].”
BackgroundChimileski, S., Franklin, M. J., & Papke, R. T. (2014) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0065-5 · Cited by 98
“Biofilms may aid in nutrient acquisition and storage [5], facilitate accelerated rates of recombination [9,10] and allow for coordinated multicellular behaviors [11–15].”
BackgroundKinetic model of Proteus mirabilis swarm colony development
Esipov, S. E., & Shapiro, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s002850050100 · Cited by 98
Self-citationUnderstanding Multicellularity: The Functional Organization of the Intercellular Space
Bich, L., Pradeu, T., & Moreau, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01170 · Cited by 107
“That should not be a surprise, given the importance of the social/communitarian dimension of life (Shapiro, 1988), which has inspired even possible scenarios on origins of life as emerging from colonies of protocells (Woese, 2002; Carrara et al., 2012; Mansy, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialMiguélez, E. M., Hardisson, C., & Manzanal, M. B. (1999) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.145.3.515 · Cited by 94
“Members of the genus Streptomyces (mycelial gram-positive soil bacteria) possess two characteristics which make them attractive microorganisms for the study of cell death at the prokaryote level: first, unlike Escherichia coli (the most studied and best known single-cell prokaryote), which continuously divides by bina…”
BackgroundHarz, M., Kiehntopf, M., Stöckel, S., Rösch, P., Straube, E., Deufel, T., & Popp, J. (2009) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.200810068 · Cited by 94
All living cells are cognitive
Shapiro, J. A. (2020) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.120 · Cited by 100
Self-citationMiguel, A. F. (2006) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.05.010 · Cited by 92
“We show that in order to persist in time, these systems must evolve in such a way that an easy access to nutrients is ensured: their shapes develop in such a way as to minimize the time to reach the nutrient source.”
BackgroundProbiotics and Psychobiotics: the Role of Microbial Neurochemicals
Oleskin, A. V., & Ba, S. (2019) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-019-09583-0 · Cited by 94
“This fact was mentioned by James Shapiro [35] who highlighted important similarities between bacterial supracellular structures and multicellular organisms.”
BackgroundCallahan, S. M., & Dunlap, P. V. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.10.2811-2822.2000 · Cited by 90
Horinouchi, S. (2002) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/horinouc · Cited by 90
An Evolutionary Model of Bounded Rationality and Intelligence
Brennan, T. J., & Lo, A. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050310 · Cited by 89
“This perspective has received more recent support from the discovery of remarkably sophisticated social behavior among bacteria [68–76].”
BackgroundEscherichia coli K-12 cell-cell interactions seen by time-lapse video
Shapiro, J. A., & Hsu, C. (1989) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.171.11.5963-5974.1989 · Cited by 89
Self-citationBen‐Jacob, E., Cohen, I., Czirók, A., et al. (1997) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(96)00457-8 · Cited by 89
Rickard, A. H., Leach, S. A., Buswell, C. M., et al. (2000) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.66.1.431-434.2000 · Cited by 88
Dynamics of FtsZ Assembly during Sporulation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Grantcharova, N., Lustig, U., & Flärdh, K. (2005) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.187.9.3227-3237.2005 · Cited by 86
Heterocyst formation in Anabaena
Golden, J. W., & Yoon, H. (1998) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80106-9 · Cited by 86
Drivers of Spatial Structure in Social Microbial Communities
Yanni, D., Márquez-Zacarías, P., Yunker, P. J., et al. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.068 · Cited by 85
Doleyres, Y., Fliss, I., & Lacroix, C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02326.x · Cited by 84
“In 1997, enhanced cell-to-cell signalling and cell– matrix interactions leading to coordinated behaviour of immobilized microorganisms were reported (Shapiro and Dworkin 1997).”
BackgroundDo Bacterial Communities Transcend Darwinism?
Caldwell, D. E., Wolfaardt, G. M., Korber, D. R., & Lawrence, J. R. (1997) · Advances in microbial ecology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9074-0_4 · Cited by 84
Evolution ‘on purpose’: how behaviour has shaped the evolutionary process
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Minimalist Coherent Swarming of Wireless Networked Autonomous Mobile Robots
Nembrini, J., Winfield, A. F. T., & Melhuish, C. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3121.003.0064 · Cited by 80
The evolution of the mammalian pharynx
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Plasticity of Candida albicans Biofilms
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A novel role for RecA under non-stress: promotion of swarming motility in Escherichia coli K-12
Gómez‐Gómez, J., Manfredi, C., Alonso, J. C., & Blázquez, J. (2007) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-14 · Cited by 76
The SsgA-like proteins in actinomycetes: small proteins up to a big task
Traag, B. A., & van Wezel, G. P. (2008) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-008-9225-3 · Cited by 76
Smart Swarms of Bacteria-Inspired Agents with Performance Adaptable Interactions
Shklarsh, A., Ariel, G., Schneidman, E., & Ben‐Jacob, E. (2011) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002177 · Cited by 78
“They construct intricate multicellular structures utilized for protection and cooperation of cells [30–33].”
BackgroundKato, J., Suzuki, A., Yamazaki, H., et al. (2002) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.184.21.6016-6025.2002 · Cited by 75
Social behavior of bacteria: from physics to complex organization
Ben‐Jacob, E. (2008) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00222-x · Cited by 71
“It then collectively expands by both gliding movements and cell division growth towards the newly detected food source [ 4 ].”
BackgroundLevels of selection in biofilms: multispecies biofilms are not evolutionary individuals
Clarke, E. (2016) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9517-3 · Cited by 75
Chandler, J. R., & Dunny, G. M. (2007) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01327-07 · Cited by 71
A Novel Membrane Protein Influencing Cell Shape and Multicellular Swarming of Proteus mirabilis
Hay, N. A., Tipper, D. J., Gygi, D., et al. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.7.2008-2016.1999 · Cited by 71
“Intimate cell-cell contact in rafts may be essential for the coordination of flagellar function and intercellular communication (32), and single cells detached from swarm rafts do not migrate.”
BackgroundBacillus atrophaeus: main characteristics and biotechnological applications – a review
Sella, S. R. B. R., Vandenberghe, L. P. D. S., & Soccol, C. R. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.922915 · Cited by 72
Bacterial cooperative organization under antibiotic stress
Ben-Jacob, E., Cohen, I., Golding, I., Gutnick, D., Tcherpakov, M., Helbing, D., & Ron, I. G. (2000) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00093-5 · Cited by 72
Localization and Extinction of Bacterial Populations under Inhomogeneous Growth Conditions
Lin, A. L., Mann, B. A., Torres‐Oviedo, G., et al. (2004) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.103.034041 · Cited by 68
“Studies of bacterial growth in homogeneous environments have revealed the spontaneousformation of different spatial patterns in response to environmental stresses (Shapiro and Dworkin, 1997; Berg and Purcell, 1977; Ben-Jacob et al., 1994; Matsushita et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialLauga, E., & Goldstein, R. E. (2012) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/pt.3.1715 · Cited by 67
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Adhesion of Biodegradative Anaerobic Bacteria to Solid Surfaces
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Origin of multicellular organisms as an inevitable consequence of dynamical systems
Furusawa, C., & Kaneko, K. (2002) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.10164 · Cited by 65
“On the other hand, the differentiation itself (stated as the property II) has a broader generality (Ko et al., 1994; Shapiro and Dworkin, 1997).”
BackgroundTrail following in ants: individual properties determine population behaviour
Edelstein‐Keshet, L., Watmough, J., & Ermentrout, G. B. (1995) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00170717 · Cited by 65
“At the smallest size scale, unicellular organisms such as myxobacteria (Stanier 1942; Shapiro 1988) secrete slime trails.”
BackgroundTar-dependent and -independent pattern formation by Salmonella typhimurium
Blat, Y., & Eisenbach, M. (1995) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.177.7.1683-1691.1995 · Cited by 65
The Level of AdpA Directly Affects Expression of Developmental Genes in Streptomyces coelicolor
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Bacterial wisdom, Gödel's theorem and creative genomic webs
Ben‐Jacob, E. (1998) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00529-3 · Cited by 60
“Only recently have the notions of smart bacteria [30,31] and bacteria as multicellular organism [22,30, 32–40] (both with respect to bacterial colonies) started to gain attention.”
BackgroundMatrix Production and Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Localize to Propagating Wave Fronts
Srinivasan, S., Vladescu, I. D., Koehler, S. A., et al. (2018) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2018.02.002 · Cited by 63
Models for contact-mediated pattern formation: cells that form parallel arrays
Edelstein‐Keshet, L., & Ermentrout, B. (1990) · Journal of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00173908 · Cited by 62
“Niibler-Jung (1987) suggested that in a field with two parallel boundaries, the pattern of orientations will simplify into a single parallel array, but we have shown that this property is not dependent on the boundaries.”
BackgroundMendelson, N. H., Morales, D. A., & Thwaites, J. J. (2002) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-2-1 · Cited by 62
Theory of periodic swarming of bacteria: Application to Proteus mirabilis
Czirók, A., Matsushita, M., & Vicsek, T. (2001) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.63.031915 · Cited by 62
“Therefore, a number of recent studies have focussed on experimental and theoretical aspects of colony formation and the related collective behavior of microorganisms [1,2].”
BackgroundGenome Informatics: The Role of DNA in Cellular Computations
Shapiro, J. A. (2006) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1162/biot.2006.1.3.288 · Cited by 59
Self-citationO’Rear, J. J., Alberti, L., & Harshey, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.174.19.6125-6137.1992 · Cited by 60
“These interactions have been shown to be important in ecology, medicine and industry (6, 27).”
BackgroundŚwiątek, M., Bucca, G., Laing, E., Gubbens, J., Titgemeyer, F., Smith, C. P. S., Rigali, S., & van Wezel, G. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122479 · Cited by 58
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Genes without prominence: a reappraisal of the foundations of biology
Annila, A., & Baverstock, K. (2014) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.1017 · Cited by 59
“It also seems likely that bacteria operate on a one-to-one basis between coding sequence and phenotype, but achieve complex traits by cooperation between diverse species/strains [64].”
BackgroundManteca, Á., Fernández, M., & Sánchez, J. (2005) · Research in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2005.07.003 · Cited by 57
Physical schemata underlying biological pattern formation—examples, issues and strategies
Levine, H., & Ben‐Jacob, E. (2004) · Physical Biology · doi:10.1088/1478-3967/1/2/p01 · Cited by 57
“On the positive side lie a vast array of microorganism colony structures (in Bacillus and related species [1], in myxobacteria [2] and in eukaryotes such as Dictyostelium [3]) and intracellular waves [4]; other unproven possibilities include activity-dependent structures in the developing nervous system, tropical fish…”
BackgroundDynamics of pattern formation in bacterial swarms
Steager, E. B., Kim, C.-B., & Kim, M. J. (2008) · Physics of Fluids · doi:10.1063/1.2953245 · Cited by 57
Copeland, M. F., Flickinger, S. T., Tuson, H. H., & Weibel, D. B. (2009) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02153-09 · Cited by 56
“Dworkin and Shapiro were the first to describe the presence of this zone on a swarm plate (21).”
BackgroundThe Order of Trait Emergence in the Evolution of Cyanobacterial Multicellularity
Hammerschmidt, K., Landan, G., Tria, F. D. K., Alcorta, J., & Dagan, T. (2020) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa249 · Cited by 51
“Several studies in the literature thus used Gloeobacter for rooting the cyanobacterial species tree (e.g., Shih et al. 2012; Shi & Falkowski 2008; Dagan et al. 2013; Sánchez-Baracaldo et al. 2014) .”
BackgroundCross-membranes orchestrate compartmentalization and morphogenesis in Streptomyces
Celler, K., Koning, R. I., Willemse, J. J., Koster, A. J., & van Wezel, G. P. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11836 · Cited by 51
Sequential events in bacterial colony morphogenesis
Shapiro, J. A., & Trubatch, D. (1991) · Physica D Nonlinear Phenomena · doi:10.1016/0167-2789(91)90209-r · Cited by 54
Self-citationSirota‐Madi, A., Olender, T., Helman, Y., Ingham, C. J., Brainis, I., Roth, D., Hagi, E., Brodsky, L., Leshkowitz, D., Galatenko, V., et al. (2010) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-710 · Cited by 52
Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodour
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Bacteria harnessing complexity
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A novel locus for mycelial aggregation forms a gateway to improved Streptomyces cell factories
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On the advantages of information sharing
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Structured morphological modeling as a framework for rational strain design of Streptomyces species
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Synthetic transitions: towards a new synthesis
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An Evolutionary Stress-Response Hypothesis for Chronic Widespread Pain (Fibromyalgia Syndrome)
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Serrawettins and Other Surfactants Produced by Serratia
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Differential activity of a transposable element in Escherichia coli colonies
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Self-citationNot plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista.
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The Microbial Ecology of Dental Caries
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Replisome Localization in Vegetative and Aerial Hyphae of Streptomyces coelicolor
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Autoregulation of stress response in microorganisms
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Self-regulation in self-propelled nematic fluids
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Chemotactic-based adaptive self-organization during colonial development
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Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking
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“Even the interaction with the surrounding environment can be crucial for defining cellular cooperation and the evolution of microbial communities [16–20].”
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Studies of sector formation in expanding bacterial colonies
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“ulation, as well as an interesting and important subject by itself. During the course of evolution, bacteria have developed sophisticated cooperative behavior and intricate communication capabilities [16,17,18,19,20]. These include: direct cell-cell physical interactions via extra- membrane polymers [21,22], collectiv…”
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Mycobacterium versus Streptomyces--we are different, we are the same.
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CELL ADHESION MOLECULES: A UNIFYING APPROACH TO TOPOGRAPHIC BIOLOGY
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shapiro, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, James A.
- ORCID
- Shapiro, James A.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 258
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 82-89
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037294630
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- bacteria, multicellularity, bacterial aggregation, bacterial social behavior, biofilm
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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