Cited by 530Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensingBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyMicrobial Community Ecology and Physiology

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Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms

Shapiro, James A.·1988·Scientific American

DOI 10.1038/scientificamerican0688-82

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“This is the reason why some authors have regarded biofilms as interactively and evolutionarily cohesive biological integrated individuals (Ereshefsky & Pedroso, 2013, 2015; Doolittle, 2013), and even as full-fledged multicellular organisms (Shapiro 1988).”
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“As early as 1988, James Shapiro highlighted the multicellular nature of bacterial colonies, proposing that individual bacteria do not act autonomously but as a collective (Shapiro, 1988 ).”
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“Some surprising claims have also been put forward, such as the idea that some bacteria aggregates (biofilms) are superorganisms (Shapiro 1988) or that there is such a thing as bacterial cognition (Shapiro 2007).”
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“Much effort is devoted to the search for basic principles of organization (growth,communication, regulation and control) on the cellular and multicellular levels [69, 42, 72, 32, 64, 73, 40, 82].”
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“…the application and/or revision of certain properties of the living (e.g.: cohesion of the parts and reproduction), such as: bacterial biofilms (Shapiro 1988; O'Malley and Dupré 2007), clonal plant populations (Jackson et al. 1986; Bouchard 2008), eusocial animal populations (Wilson 1985;…”
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“…questions related to the comparative analysis of organization and functioning of populations of microorganisms and many-celled eucaryote organisms have become a subject of discussions by many microbiologist (Shapiro, 1988; Vysotskii et al., 1991; Oleskin et al., 2000; El-Registan, 2005; etc.).”
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Method

Authors: Shapiro, J. A.
Corresponding author: Shapiro, James A.
ORCID: Shapiro, James A.
Venue: Scientific American
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1988-06
Volume: 258
Issue: 6
Pages: 82-89
ISSN: 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0688-82
OpenAlex: W2037294630
Cited by: 524
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 2.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Scientific American (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Keywords: bacteria, multicellularity, bacterial aggregation, bacterial social behavior, biofilm

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