The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review
Abstract
Objective We review the published data relating to intake of coffee and caffeine on blood pressure in man. We also refer to studies on the possible mechanisms of actions of these effects of caffeine.Design The MEDLINE and Current Contents databases were searched from 1966 to April 1999 using the text words 'coffee or caffeine' and 'blood pressure or hypertension'. Controlled clinical and epidemiologic studies on the blood pressure effects of coffee or caffeine are reviewed. We also refer to studies on the possible mechanisms of action of these effects of caffeine.Results Acute intake of coffee and caffeine increases blood pressure. Caffeine is probably the main active component in coffee. The pressor response is strongest in hypertensive subjects. Some studies with repeated administration of caffeine showed a persistent pressor effect, whereas in others chronic caffeine ingestion did not increase blood pressure. Epidemiologic studies have produced contradictory findings regarding the association between blood pressure and coffee consumption. During regular use tolerance to the cardiovascular responses develops in some people, and therefore no systematic elevation of blood pressure in long-term and in population studies can be shown.Conclusions We conclude that regular coffee may be harmful to some hypertension-prone subjects. The hemodynamic effects of chronic coffee and caffeine consumption have not been sufficiently studied. The possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of caffeine include the blocking of adenosine receptors and the inhibition of phosphodiesterases.
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“A single dose of caffeine (200-250 mg, equivalent to two to three cups of coffee) was found to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 3-14 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 4-13 mmHg in normotensive subjects.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Nurminen et al. (1999)
In the citing paper
“Evidence from experimental studies indicates that coffee acutely increases circulating concentrations of (nor)epinephrine, 2 raises systolic and diastolic blood pressure, 3 increases arterial stiffness, 5,6 and impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation.7”
From Coffee and acute ischemic stroke onset: The Stroke Onset Study (2010) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine can acutely increase blood pressure by antagonizing the adenosine A1 and A2A receptor,35–37 and could also acutely adversely affect arterial stiffness and endothelium dependent vasodilation.38, 39”
From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor
Ledent, C. A., Vaugeois, J., Schiffmann, S. N., Pedrazzini, T., Yacoubi, M. E., Vanderhaeghen, J. J., Costentin, J., Heath, J. K., Vassart, G., & Parmentier, M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41771 · Cited by 918
Effects of Caffeine on Plasma Renin Activity, Catecholamines and Blood Pressure
Robertson, D., Frölich, J. C., Carr, R. K., Watson, J. T., Hollifield, J. W., Shand, D. G., & Oates, J. A. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197801262980403 · Cited by 757 · cited 7×
“The peak plasma concentrations of caffeine are usually obtained within 30 ± 120 min of oral intake (Robertson et al, 1978; Smits et al, 1985, 1986a).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHow does adenosine inhibit transmitter release?
Fredholm, B. B., & Dunwiddie, T. V. (1988) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(88)90194-0 · Cited by 640
Adenosine, Adenosine Receptors and the Actions of Caffeine
Fredholm, B. B. (1995) · Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00111.x · Cited by 597
Adenosine Receptor Subtypes: Characterization and Therapeutic Regulation
Olah, M. E., & Stiles, G. L. (1995) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.003053 · Cited by 546
Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man.
Robertson, D., Wade, D., Workman, R., Woosley, R. L., & Oates, J. A. (1981) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110124 · Cited by 501 · cited 7×
“In some studies, however, no signi®cant effect of acute caffeine intake on plasma renin activity was observed (Passmore et al, 1987; Nussberger et al, 1990), or else the increase was attenuated after chronic administration of caffeine (Robertson et al, 1981, 1984; Eggertsen et al, 1993).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAstrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., Breum, L., & Madsen, J. (1990) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.759 · Cited by 309
Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance
Parsons, W. D., & Neims, A. H. (1978) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt197824140 · Cited by 302 · cited 2×
“On the other hand, the clearance rate of caffeine is greater in smokers than in non-smokers (Parsons & Neims, 1978).”
BackgroundStevens, V., Corrigan, S., Obarzanek, E., Bernauer, E., Cook, N., Hébert, P., Mattfeldt-Beman, M., Oberman, A., Sugars, C., & Dalcin, A. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410070039006 · Cited by 269
THE CHOLESTEROL-RAISING FACTOR FROM COFFEE BEANS
Urgert, R., & Katan, M. B. (1997) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.305 · Cited by 260
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Coffee and Health: A Review of Recent Human Research
Higdon, J. V., & Frei, B. (2006) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390500400009 · Cited by 1,090
An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers
Sempionatto, J. R., Lin, M., Yin, L., De la paz, E., Pei, K., Sonsa-ard, T., de Loyola Silva, A. N., Khorshed, A. A., Zhang, F., Tostado, N., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00685-1 · Cited by 658
Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102 · Cited by 613
“Possible mechanisms for the acute cardiovascular effects of caffeine include antagonistic effects on adenosine receptors, activation of the sympathetic nervous system (release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla), stimulation of the adrenal cortex (release of corticosteroids), renal effects (diuresis, natriuresis,…”
BackgroundBeverage caffeine intakes in the U.S.
Mitchell, D. C., Knight, C. A., Hockenberry, J., Teplansky, R., & Hartman, T. J. (2014) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042 · Cited by 565
Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Satija, A., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005925 · Cited by 565
Metadata
- Authors
- Nurminen, M.-L., Niittynen, L., Korpela, R., & Vapaatalo, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Valio (Finland) (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Nurminen, M-L
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 1999-11-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 831-839
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2025174591
- Semantic Scholar
- 717da42b0900415effba0b481b9ae5103e709df1
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Academy of Finland
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- coffee, caffeine, blood pressure, hypertension, pressor response, caffeine tolerance, adenosine receptor blockade, phosphodiesterase inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Coffee, Hemodynamics, Humans, Hypertension, Middle Aged, MEDLINE
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