The Effect of Coffee on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertensive Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background The effect of coffee and caffeine on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hypertensive persons is uncertain.Objective The objective was to summarize the evidence on the acute and longer-term effects of caffeine and coffee intake on BP and on the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of CVD in hypertensive individuals.Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications identified in a PubMed and EMBASE search up to 30 April 2011 was undertaken. Data were extracted from controlled trials on the effect of caffeine or coffee intake on BP change and from cohort studies on the association between habitual coffee consumption and CVD.Results In 5 trials, the administration of 200-300 mg caffeine produced a mean increase of 8.1 mm Hg (95% CI: 5.7, 10.6 mm Hg) in systolic BP and of 5.7 mm Hg (95% CI: 4.1, 7.4 mm Hg) in diastolic BP. The increase in BP was observed in the first hour after caffeine intake and lasted ≥3 h. In 3 studies of the longer-term effect (2 wk) of coffee, no increase in BP was observed after coffee was compared with a caffeine-free diet or was compared with decaffeinated coffee. Last, 7 cohort studies found no evidence of an association between habitual coffee consumption and a higher risk of CVD.Conclusions In hypertensive individuals, caffeine intake produces an acute increase in BP for ≥3 h. However, current evidence does not support an association between longer-term coffee consumption and increased BP or between habitual coffee consumption and an increased risk of CVD in hypertensive subjects.
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In other contexts, pre-exercise caffeine may transiently elevate blood pressure, alter vascular reactivity, and impose additional cardiovascular strain in susceptible populations.
“In other contexts, however, it may transiently elevate blood pressure, alter vascular reactivity, and impose additional cardiovascular strain in susceptible populations [21,22].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results (Table 1) report an acute rise in systolic blood pressure after caffeine intake in hypertensive individuals. The Discussion (section 3) says that this rise may temporarily increase cardiovascular-event risk, particularly warranting caution in patients with uncontrolled blood pressure. The paper does not establish effects of pre-exercise caffeine on vascular reactivity or measure additional cardiovascular strain during exercise. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcute caffeine-induced blood pressure responses are notably more pronounced in non-habitual users, individuals with borderline elevated blood pressure, and those with latent hypertension.
“Acute caffeine-induced blood pressure responses are notably more pronounced in non-habitual users, individuals with borderline elevated blood pressure, and those with latent hypertension [21].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
The Discussion reports an acute blood-pressure increase after caffeine in hypertensive patients. It does not establish a more pronounced response in non-habitual users, people with borderline elevated blood pressure, or those with latent hypertension: the acute-effect studies included habitual coffee drinkers, and the Discussion describes the effects in normotensive and hypertensive individuals as comparable. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn subjects with hypertension, single caffeine doses of 200 to 300 mg induce a mean increase in systolic blood pressure of 8.1 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of 5.7 mmHg, observed in the first 60 minutes after intake and persisting up to 180 minutes afterwards.
“single caffeine doses of 200 to 300 mg induced a mean increase in SBP and DBP of 8.1 mmHg (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 5.7-10.6 mmHg) and 5.7 mmHg (95 % CI = 4.1-7.4mmHg), respectively, which was observed in the first 60 minutes after intake and persisted up to 180 minutes afterwards.”
From Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (2015) · cites this paper as Mesas et al., 2011
Short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine can acutely increase blood pressure and could also acutely adversely affect arterial stiffness and endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
“However, short-term metabolic studies have shown that caffeine can acutely increase blood pressure by antagonizing the adenosine A1 and A2A receptor,35–37 and could also acutely adversely affect arterial stiffness and endothelium dependent vasodilation.38, 39”
From Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies (2014) · cites this paper as [36]
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Capítulo 1 - Conceituação, Epidemiologia e Prevenção Primária
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Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain
Curran, C. P., & Marczinski, C. A. (2017) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.1177 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Zhou, A., & Hyppönen, E. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy297 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Malerba, S., Turati, F., Galeone, C., Pelucchi, C., Verga, F., La Vecchia, C., & Tavani, A. (2013) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9834-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Energy drinks mixed with alcohol: what are the risks?
Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12127 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Caldeira, D., Martins, C., Alves, L. B., Pereira, H., Ferreira, J. J., & Costa, J. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303950 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Nutrition and the risk of stroke
Hankey, G. J. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70265-4 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Association Between Glycosylation of Immunoglobulin G and Hypertension
Wang, Y., Klarić, L., Yu, X., Thaqi, K., Dong, J., Novokmet, M., Wilson, J., Polašek, O., Liu, Y., Krištić, J., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003379 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cheng, M., Hu, Z., Lu, X., Huang, J., & Gu, D. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Coffee for Cardioprotection and Longevity
O’Keefe, J. H., DiNicolantonio, J. J., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2018.02.002 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Long-term coffee consumption in relation to fracture risk and bone mineral density in women
Hallstrom, H., Byberg, L., Glynn, A., Lemming, E. W., Wolk, A., & Michaelsson, K. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt062 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lucas, M., O’Reilly, E. J., Pan, A., Mirzaei, F., Willett, W. C., Okereke, O. I., & Ascherio, A. (2014) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2013.795243 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Takami, H., Nakamoto, M., Uemura, H., Katsuura, S., Yamaguchi, M., Hiyoshi, M., Sawachika, F., Juta, T., & Arisawa, K. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20120053 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots
Jagim, A. R., Harty, P. S., Tinsley, G. M., Kerksick, C. M., Gonzalez, A. M., Kreider, R. B., Arent, S. M., Jäger, R., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Martínez‐López, S., Sarriá, B., Mateos, R., & Bravo, L. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1726-x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F., & López‐García, E. (2017) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04506 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa and Risk of Stroke
Larsson, S. C. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.003131 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of caffeinated beverages
Voskoboinik, A., Koh, Y., & Kistler, P. M. (2018) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2018.09.019 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Coffee and Arterial Hypertension
Surma, S., & Oparil, S. (2021) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-021-01156-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Association of Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Liu, J., Sui, X., Lavie, C. J., Hebert, J. R., Earnest, C. P., Zhang, J., & Blair, S. N. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.020 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
How coffee affects metabolic syndrome and its components
Başpınar, B., Eskici, G., & Özçelik, A. Ö. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo00388a · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A Clinician’s Guide for Trending Cardiovascular Nutrition Controversies
Freeman, A. M., Morris, P. B., Aspry, K. E., Gordon, N. F., Barnard, N. D., Esselstyn, C. B., Ros, E., Devries, S. R., O’Keefe, J. H., Miller, M. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.030 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Chieng, D., Cánovas, R., Segan, L. A., Sugumar, H., Voskoboinik, A., Prabhu, S., Ling, L., Lee, G., Morton, J. B., Kaye, D. M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac189 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Effects of energy drinks on the cardiovascular system
Wassef, B., Kohansieh, M., & Makaryus, A. N. (2017) · World Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.4330/wjc.v9.i11.796 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Nordestgaard, A. T., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw325 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Health: Getting to the Heart of the Matter
Rebello, S. A., & van Dam, R. M. (2013) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-013-0403-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Polypharmacy in Older Adults With Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review
Mukete, B. N., & Ferdinand, K. C. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12624 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies
D’Elia, L., Fata, E. L., Galletti, F., Scalfi, L., & Strazzullo, P. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1591-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Coffee and Endothelial Function: A Coffee Paradox?
Higashi, Y. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092104 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: A prospective analysis in the cohort study
Miranda, A. M., Goulart, A. C., Benseñor, I. M., Lotufo, P. A., & Marchioni, D. M. L. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.052 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
In Reply—Association of Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Liu, J., Sui, X., Blair, S. N., & Lavie, C. J. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bhatti, S. K., O’Keefe, J. H., & Lavie, C. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328365b9a0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function
Schaffer, S. W., Shimada, K., Jong, C. J., Ito, T., Azuma, J., & Takahashi, K. (2014) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1708-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nutrigenetics—personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases
Barrea, L., Annunziata, G., Bordoni, L., Muscogiuri, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Iniesta, R. R., & Al‐Dujaili, E. A. S. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/482704 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Blood Pressure in Relation to Coffee and Caffeine Consumption
Guessous, I., Eap, C. B., & Bochud, M. (2014) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0468-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Miranda, A. M., Steluti, J., Fisberg, R. M., & Marchioni, D. M. L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9030276 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Top 10 dietary strategies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk reduction
Sikand, G., & Severson, T. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100106 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Corrêa, C. L. O., Penha, E. D. M., dos Anjos, M. R., Pacheco, S., Freitas‐Silva, O., Luna, A. S., & Gottschalk, L. M. F. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128045 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Weng, L.-C. C., Steffen, L. M., Szklo, M., Nettleton, J. A., Chambless, L. E., & Folsom, A. R. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5051719 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE cohort study
Grosso, G., Stepaniak, U., Polak, M., Micek, A., Topor-Madry, R., Stefler, D., Szafraniec, K., & Pajak, A. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.119 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications
Addicott, M. A. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Association of coffee drinking with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhao, Y., Wu, K., Zheng, J., Zuo, R., & Li, D. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001438 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Houston, M. C. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease · doi:10.1177/1753944717743920 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Larsson, S. C., Drca, N., Jensen‐Urstad, M., & Wolk, A. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0447-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Kechribari, I., Sotirakoglou, Κ., Tarantilis, P., Gourdomichali, T., Michas, G., Kravvariti, V., Voumvourakis, K., & Zampelas, A. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0146-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Contrary to the aforementioned results, clinical trials with >2 weeks duration showed no association between coffee consumption and BP after daily consumption of medium to large coffee doses [74].”
ResultCoffee consumption and cardiometabolic health: a comprehensive review of the evidence
Ungvari, Z. I., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01262-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kajikawa, M., Maruhashi, T., Hidaka, T., Nakano, Y., Kurisu, S., Matsumoto, T., Iwamoto, Y., Kishimoto, S., Matsui, S., Aibara, Y., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1611-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Teramoto, M., Yamagishi, K., Muraki, I., Tamakoshi, A., & Iso, H. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.026477 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The impact of coffee consumption on blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus
Chrysant, S. G. (2017) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2017.1287563 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Light to moderate coffee consumption is associated with lower risk of death: a UK Biobank study
Simon, J., Fung, K., Raisi‐Estabragh, Z., Aung, N., Khanji, M. Y., Kolossváry, M., Merkely, B. P., Munroe, P. B., Harvey, N. C., Piechnik, S. K., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Jhee, J. H., Nam, K. H., An, S. Y., Cha, M.-U., Lee, M., Park, S., Kim, H., Yun, H., Kee, Y. K., Park, J. T., et al. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.05.021 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Habitual coffee consumption and 24-h blood pressure control in older adults with hypertension
López‐García, E., ARBELAEZ, E. O., León-Muñoz, L. M., Guallar‐Castillón, P., Graciani, A., Banegas, J. R., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.021 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Micek, A., Grosso, G., Polak, M., Kozakiewicz, K., Tykarski, A., Puch-Walczak, A., Drygas, W., Kwaśniewska, M., & Pająk, A. (2017) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2017.1362690 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Novel methylxanthine derivative-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease
Lee, I. (2014) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1127 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rangan, G. K., Alexander, S. I., Campbell, K. L., Dexter, M. A. J., Lee, V. W., Lopez‐Vargas, P. A., Mai, J., Mallett, A. J., Patel, C., Patel, M. I., et al. (2015) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12658 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review perspective
Giuseppe, R. D., Napoli, I. D., Granata, F., Mottolese, A., & Cena, H. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000015 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wong, A., Santos, A. M., Alves, R. D. F., Vicentini, F. C., Fatibello‐Filho, O., & Sotomayor, M. D. P. T. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121539 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Drug-Induced Hypertension: Focus on Mechanisms and Management
Lovell, A. R., & Ernst, M. E. (2017) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0736-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Coffee and metabolic impairment: An updated review of epidemiological studies
Buscemi, S., Marventano, S., Antoci, M., Cagnetti, A., Castorina, G., Galvano, F., Marranzano, M., & Mistretta, A. (2016) · NFS Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nfs.2016.02.001 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Foy, M. C., Vaishnav, J., & Sperati, C. J. (2019) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Evaluation and Management of Secondary Hypertension
Sarathy, H., Salman, L. A., Lee, C. S., & Cohen, J. B. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.11.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bidel, S., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2010) · touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2013.09.02.99 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Palatini, P., Fania, C., Mos, L., Garavelli, G., Mazzer, A., Cozzio, S., Saladini, F., & Casiglia, E. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.006 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Associations of Ambulatory Blood Pressure With Urinary Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolite Excretions
Guessous, I., Pruijm, M. T., Ponte, B., Ackermann, D., Ehret, G., Ansermot, N., Vuistiner, P., Staessen, J. A., Gu, Y., Paccaud, F. M., et al. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04512 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kim, B. H., Park, Y. S., Noh, H., Sung, J., & Lee, J. K. (2013) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.4.265 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Capítulo 3 - Avaliação Clínica e Complementar
Malachias, M. V. B., Souza, W., Plavnik, F. L., Rodrigues, C., Brandão, A., Neves, M. F., Bortolotto, L. A., Franco, R., Figueiredo, C., Jardim, P., et al. (2016) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.5935/abc.20160153 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nordestgaard, A. T. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02650-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Psara, E., Pentieva, K. D., Ward, M., & McNulty, H. (2020) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.03.016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kempf, K., Kolb, H., Gärtner, B., Bytof, G., Stiebitz, H., Lantz, I., Lang, R., Hofmann, T. F., & Martin, S. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0763-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Beneficial Role of Coffee and Caffeine in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Minireview
Yenisetti, S. C., & ., M. (2016) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2016.2.407 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cardiovascular complications from consumption of high energy drinks: recent evidence
Chrysant, S. G., & Chrysant, G. S. (2014) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.47 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wallbach, M., Lach, N., Stock, J., Hiller, H. H., Mavropoulou, E., Chavanon, M., Neurath, H., Blaschke, S., Lowin, E., Herrmann‐Lingen, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.13448 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chan, L., Hong, C., & Bai, C. (2021) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02411-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mesas, A. E., Leon-Muñoz, L. M., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., & Lopez-Garcia, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- ORCID
- Mesas, Arthur Eumann
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1113-1126
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121680741
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- coffee consumption, caffeine, blood pressure, hypertension, cardiovascular risk, acute blood pressure response, decaffeinated coffee
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Cardiovascular Diseases, Coffee, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Young Adult
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