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Food consumption patterns in Italy: the INN-CA Study 1994-1996
Abstract
Objectives The present study was aimed at surveying the Italian food consumption patterns in the 90s. It represented the second nationwide food intake survey that was carried out by the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (INRAN).Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Free-living households.Subjects Sampled subjects: 1147 households randomly selected to be representative of the four main geographical areas (North-West, North-East, Centre, South). Analysed subjects: 1978 individuals out of 2734 initially collected in 15 Collaborative Centres strategically scattered through the national territory.Methods A mixed 7-day based survey technique was applied in order to survey both individual and household consumption. At individual level, food intake was recorded by a self-compiled diary. At household level food data collection was by compilation of a food inventory by the dietician, a purchased/wasted foods diary and a recipes form both compiled by the person responsible for food related activities (decision of purchase, purchase, preparation of meals) in the household. All recorded data were monitored by the dieticians who visited the households participating in the study, at least three times. Household members were interviewed in order to collect socio-demographic, lifestyle and motivational information. Furthermore, field-workers performed the food coding and the input of data by an ad hoc developed software. The survey design allowed an internal quantitative check of food data. Several check steps were centrally performed Results The complex methodology caused the 46.8% response rate and afterwards a reduction of the analysed units (72% of the surveyed individuals). However, the analysed sample provided sufficiently reliable data for outlining the most relevant aspects of dietary patterns in Italy. In order to better interpret the results, controversial aspects are also illustrated and discussed in the text. The disparity analysis found that traditional diversities among Italian regions are still alive. In general, males eat more than females. Analysis according to the age class (children: 1-9 years old; adolescents: 10-17; adults: 18-64; elderly: >64) showed differences especially between the group of children vs all the others, but also in the two groups of young individuals vs adults and the elderly, that could represent clues of an incorrect way of eating.Conclusions Taking into account the different methodology, the comparison with previous results showed changes in the Italian average diet complying with an increasing attention to healthy aspects by large sectors of the population, but also opposite tendencies that should be carefully monitored.Sponsorship Minister delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali (Mi.P.A.F.).
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“The problem is that since 1950s, the composition of the Mediterranean diet has changed dramatically, and the quality and quantity of food people eat nowadays, for example in Italy, Greece and Spain, has little to do with the Traditional Mediterranean diet (3).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Foods showing the lowest Na/K ratio were fresh and dry fruits, most vegetables, legumes, and beverages, in accordance with previous surveys [47,59].”
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Toenail selenium as an indicator of environmental exposure: A cross-sectional study
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“4 g/day), similarly with those reported for other Italian populations (11,39).”
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Fluid intake survey among schoolchildren in Belgium
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Toenail selenium and risk of type 2 diabetes: the ORDET cohort study
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URANIUM DAILY INTAKE AND URINARY EXCRETION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY IN ITALY
Galletti, M., D’Annibale, L., Pinto, V., & Cremisini, C. (2003) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200308000-00013 · Cited by 33
“…level is 0.1–2.3 g L 1; out of this range are 4 samples from north of Spain: 3 (Girona) at 8.2, 9.6, 73.0 g L 1 and 1 (Asturias) at 3.7 g L 1. a Turrini et al. (2001). b Mean values and SD from 3–5 different analyses on single food and diet samples. c Not published data from INRAN-Italy. d…”
BackgroundInfluentialHydration, water intake and beverage consumption habits among adults
Gibson, S. A., Gunn, P. J., & Maughan, R. J. (2012) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01976.x · Cited by 32
“Values for Italy are not comparable as they include water used to make tea and coffee (Turrini et al. 2001).”
BackgroundPomerleau, J., Lock, K., & McKee, M. (2003) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2003841 · Cited by 32
“…1996; Tippett & Cypel, 1997; Findiet Study Group, 1998; Petrova et al. 1998; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999; De Henauw & De Backer, 1999; Turrini et al. 1999, 2001; Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2000; Pomerleau et al. 2000; Mizushima, 2001; Carolina Population Center at the University…”
BackgroundLeclercq, C., Piccinelli, R., Arcella, D., & Donne, C. L. (2004) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480412331290486 · Cited by 32
The formulation of the market basket of the Italian total diet 1994–96
Turrini, A., & Lombardi‐Boccia, G. (2002) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00428-1 · Cited by 32
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“However, this information bias is unlikely to have a relevant impact on our estimates, as rice accounts for less than 20% of this food group in the study cohort [46].”
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Veterinary drugs residue monitoring in Italian poultry: Current strategies and possible developments
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“[17] Chronic dietary risk assessment (Table 6) performed on the basis of the average consumption data for potatoes for two groups of the Italian population (adults, children and toddlers)[12] shows negligible risk for consumers’ health, since dicofol intake is far below the ADI, both for adults (3.”
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Estimating urban food waste at the local level: are good practices in food consumption persistent?
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Presentation and interpretation of food intake data: Factors affecting comparability across studies
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“Foods can be aggregated through a series of steps [46]; can be grouped on different levels [39]; or can be categorized into groups, categories (within groups), and subcategories (within categories), using a hierarchical structure [47].”
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“Concerning cultural traits instead, the persistence of traditional habits is more pervasive in the South, where the Mediterranean diet is still prevalent (Turrini et al. 2001).”
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Human exposure to dioxins through diet in Italy
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Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies
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“A number of official sources provide yearly statistics on food consumption and eating habits in Italy, while nationwide dietary surveys have been carried out almost every 10 years (Saba et al. 1990; Turrini et al. 2001; Leclercq et al. 2009) and the next fourth one is about to start (EFSA 2017).”
BackgroundSurvival of Listeria monocytogenes in Uncooked Italian Dry Sausage (Salami)
Gianfranceschi, M. V., Gattuso, A., Fiore, A., D'Ottavio, M. C., Casale, M. O. D. L. D., Palumbo, A., & Aureli, P. (2006) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-69.7.1533 · Cited by 23
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“Another comparison was made with the results of an older national survey ‘‘The Italian National Food Consumption Survey INN-CA 1994–96’’ performed in 1147 households (2734 individuals) including 138 subjects aged 3–9.9 years (Turrini et al., 2001).”
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“The method is a combination of the food account and household food record method [24]; although not validated independently, it is based on previously validated work [25].”
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Quantitative estimation of uncertainty in human risk analysis
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Cena, H., Roggi, C., & Turconi, G. M. C. (2007) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-007-0689-0 · Cited by 21
“A brief FFQ was developed providing a list of fruit and vegetables typically consumed by the Italian adult population according both to the Mediterranean diet [48] and to the Epic FFQ [34, 35].”
MethodBoon, P., Svensson, K., Moussavian, S., van der Voet, H., Petersen, A., Ruprich, J., Debegnach, F., de Boer, W. J., van Donkersgoed, G., Brera, C., et al. (2009) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.040 · Cited by 20
“For IT food consumption data collected by the Italian National Institute of Nutrition (INRAN) during the period of 1994–1996 was used (Turrini et al., 2001).”
MethodBlanquer, M., García-Álvarez, A., Ribas‐Barba, L., Wijnhoven, T. M. A., Tabacchi, G., Gurinović, M. A., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509990572 · Cited by 19
Augustin, L. S. A., Taborelli, M., Montella, M., Libra, M., Vecchia, C. L., Tavani, A., Crispo, A., Grimaldi, M., Facchini, G., Jenkins, D. J. A., et al. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517002574 · Cited by 18
“However, this information bias is unlikely to have an impact on risk estimates, as rice accounts for<20% in this food group of this study population((43)).”
BackgroundItalian national dietary survey on adult population from 10 up to 74 years old – IV SCAI ADULT
Aida, T., Cinzia, L. D., Piccinelli, R., D’Addezio, L., Mistura, L., Sette, S., Martone, D., Javier, C. A. F., Ferrari, M., & Catasta, G. (2022) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2022.en-7559 · Cited by 20
A conceptual framework for the collection of food products in a Total Diet Study
Turrini, A., Lombardi‐Boccia, G., Aureli, F., Cubadda, F., D’Addezio, L., D’Amato, M., D’Evoli, L., Darnerud, P. O., Devlin, N. F. C., Dias, M. D. G., et al. (2017) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1384577 · Cited by 17
Cumulative Exposure Assessment of Triazole Pesticides
RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (2010) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-40 · Cited by 16
“For Italy food consumption data collected by the Italian National Institute of Nutrition during the period of 1994-1996 are included in the E-platform (INRAN; (Turrini et al. 2001)).”
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Rosi, A., Mena, P. R., Castello, F., Rio, D. D., & Scazzina, F. (2020) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2020.1754768 · Cited by 15
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Vegetable Intake and Long-term Survival among Middle-aged Men in Italy
Seccareccia, F., Alberti-Fidanza, A., Fidanza, F., Farchi, G., Freeman, K. M., Mariotti, S., & Menotti, A. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(02)00457-x · Cited by 15
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“On the basis of information obtained from the Italian Household National Survey (Turrini et al. 2001) concerning the average daily food consumption in Italy, and by using the PCB concentration measured in the individual foodstuffs (Tables IIa–c), the average daily intake of individual PCB congeners…”
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“Combining food consumption data for the Italian general population [16] and average PFOS and PFOA concentration, as measured in the present study, the human intake associated to average fishery products consumption were 0.”
MethodAssociation between Social Class and Food Consumption in the Italian Epic Population
Vannoni, F., Spadea, T., Frasca, G., Tumino, R., Demaria, M., Sacerdote, C., Panico, S., Celentano, E., Palli, D., Saieva, C., et al. (2003) · Tumori Journal · doi:10.1177/030089160308900611 · Cited by 12
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Donne, C. L., Piccinelli, R., Sette, S., Leclercq, C., & on behalf of the European Food Consumption Validation (EFCOVAL) Consortium (2010) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2010.513679 · Cited by 12
How much water do we really need?
Lunn, J., & Foxen, R. (2008) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.00724.x · Cited by 12
Mistura, L., D’Addezio, L., Sette, S., Piccinelli, R., & Turrini, A. (2016) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2016.1150436 · Cited by 12
“In Italy yogurt consumption has grown considerably over the last decades: from 4.3 g/day in the 1980s (Saba et al. 1990), to 16.8 g/day in the 1990s (Turrini et al. 2001), up to 21.0 g/day in 2005–06 (Leclercq et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSilicon Content of Italian Mineral Waters and Its Contribution to Daily Intake
Giammarioli, S., Mosca, M., & Sanzini, E. (2005) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11526.x · Cited by 11
Food Consumption and Food Activism in Italy
Counihan, C. M. (2019) · Consumption and public life · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15681-7_5 · Cited by 11
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Dietary Patterns in Italy and the Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Dalmartello, M., Bravi, F., Serraino, D., Crispo, A., Ferraroni, M., Vecchia, C. L., & Edefonti, V. C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010134 · Cited by 10
“, no added salt) in the Italian population was bread, which was also consumed by the largest part of the population [26], and cereal and cereal products in general, according to a national survey conducted in Italy at the beginning of the current study [27].”
BackgroundComparison of Methodologies to Estimate Dietary Cadmium Intake in an Italian Population
Filippini, T., Upson, K., Adani, G., Malagoli, C., Baraldi, C., Michalke, B., & Vinceti, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072264 · Cited by 10
Fiber intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction
Negri, E., Vecchia, C. L., Pelucchi, C., Bertuzzi, M., & Tavani, A. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601559 · Cited by 10
“Received 14 November 2001; revised 18 June 2002; accepted 18 June 2002 European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 57, 464–470 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954–3007/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/ejcn Thus, we analyzed the association between dietary fiber intake and AMI risk using data from a case –…”
BackgroundInfluentialSources, consumer exposure and risks of organotin contamination in seafood
Willemsen, F. H., Wegener, J. W. M., Morabito, R., & Pannier, F. (2004) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 10
Nutrizione, C. P. L. R. I. A. E. L. D. A. ‐. C. D. R. A. E., Aida, T., Sette, S., Cinzia, L. D., Piccinelli, R., D’Addezio, L., Mistura, L., Ferrari, M., Catasta, G., & Martone, D. (2021) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2021.en-7087 · Cited by 9
Dietary Vitamin D Intake in Italian Subjects: Validation of a Frequency Food Questionnaire (FFQ)
Nuti, R., Gennari, L., Cavati, G., Pirrotta, F., Gonnelli, S., Caffarelli, C., Tei, L., & Merlotti, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132969 · Cited by 9
“The relationship between mean vitamin D intakes achieved via FFQ and FFD was assessed via Pearson’s correlation coefficient.”
BackgroundBiocultural diversity and the Mediterranean diet.
Petrillo, P. L., Burlingame, B., & Dernini, S. (2012) · Cited by 9
CHLORINATED CONTAMINANTS IN EXTRA‐VIRGIN OLIVE OIL FROM CENTRAL ITALY
Guerranti, C., Perra, G., Renzi, M., Focardi, S., & Focardi, S. E. (2008) · Journal of Food Lipids · doi:10.1111/j.1745-4522.2008.00111.x · Cited by 8
Evaluation of water balance in a population of older adults. A case control study
Malisova, O., Poulia, K., Kolyzoi, K., Lysandropoulos, A., Sfendouraki, K., & Kapsokefalou, M. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.01.006 · Cited by 8
Authorised EU health claims for polyphenols in olive oil
Lockyer, S., & Rowland, I. (2014) · Foods, Nutrients and Food Ingredients with Authorised EU Health Claims · doi:10.1533/9780857098481.3.212 · Cited by 10
Biodiversity and Local Food Products in Italy
Azzini, E., Durazzo, A., Polito, A., Venneria, E., Foddai, M. S., Zaccaria, M., de Barros, M. V. G., Intorre, F., Maiani, G., Burlingame, B., et al. (2012) · Cited by 7
Recommending Salt Intake Reduction to the Hypertensive Patient
Strazzullo, P., D’Elia, L., Cairella, G., Scalfi, L., & di Cola, M. S. (2012) · High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention · doi:10.1007/bf03262455 · Cited by 6
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2005) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.237 · Cited by 6
李云云, Li, Y., 王灵恩, 成升魁, Lingen, W., & Shengkui, C. (2019) · 资源科学 · doi:10.18402/resci.2019.03.08 · Cited by 6
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2006) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2006.332 · Cited by 6
Spatial patterns in food waste at the local level. A preliminary analysis for Italian data
Cerciello, M. (2019) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12259 · Cited by 6
A Plant-Based Cholesterol-Lowering Diet Score Correlates with Serum LDL-Cholesterol Levels
Polesel, J., Maso, M. D., Esposito, G., Vitale, S., Palumbo, E., Porciello, G., Calabrese, I., Minopoli, A., Grilli, B., Cavalcanti, E., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16040495 · Cited by 5
“First, considering the regional differences in dietary habits across study centers [23], the analysis was restricted to patients enrolled in one region only (i.e., Campania), which represents 74% of the whole study population ( n = 374).”
MethodPoor Folate Intake in a North I talian Pregnant Population: an Epidemiological Survey
Dante, G., Morani, L., Bronzetti, D., Garutti, P., Neri, I., Calapai, G., & Facchinetti, F. (2015) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12226 · Cited by 5
Presence of Residues in Food of Animal Origin and Related Risk
Pompa, G., Arioli, F., & Fracchiolla, M. L. (2005) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-005-0022-4 · Cited by 5
Uncertainty Evaluation of Human Risk Analysis (HRA) of Chemicals by Multiple Exposure Routes
Sassi, G., & Ruggeri, B. (2008) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01097.x · Cited by 5
Consequences for the consumer of the use of vitamin A in animal nutrition
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2009) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.873 · Cited by 5
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Re: High- and Low-Fat Dairy Intake, Recurrence, and Mortality After Breast Cancer Diagnosis
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“Notably, approximately 70% of high-fat dairy in the LACE study derived from butter, whereas in Italy butter is not widely used (4,5).”
BackgroundImproving Survey Measurement of Household Finances: A Review of New Data Sources and Technologies
Jäckle, A., Couper, M. P., Gaia, A., & Lessof, C. (2021) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781119376965.ch14 · Cited by 4
Data-Centric Framework and Databases for Fortifying Food Safety Risk Assessment
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AlKhattaf, N. F., Alraddadi, A. M., Aljarbou, M. A., Arnauti, M. A., Alfaleh, A. M., & Hammouda, S. A. I. (2020) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.011 · Cited by 3
“4 g among males and females, respectively.(28) Further, no known data on olive oil consumption at an individual level in the Arabic region were found.”
BackgroundBirth defects and folates: Summary of the Italian workshop (December, 2001)
Taruscio, D., Mantovani, A., & Stazi, A. V. (2003) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.10056 · Cited by 3
Ochratoxin A in wine consumers in Italy: dietary profiles
Gambelli, L., & D’Addezio, L. (2009) · World Mycotoxin Journal · doi:10.3920/wmj2008.1078 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Turrini, A., Saba, A., Perrone, D., Cialfa, E., & D'Amicis, A.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Turrini, A
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2001-07-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 571-588
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W1976491356
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- food consumption patterns, dietary habits, Italian diet, household food consumption, regional dietary differences, children's diet, healthy eating trends, food waste, recipes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Interviews as Topic, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires
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