Nutrition and the immune system from birth to old age
Abstract
For millennia, food has been at the center of social events, in times of joy and in times of sorrow. Protein-energy malnutrition is associated with a significant impairment of cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte function, complement system, secretory immunoglobulin A antibody concentrations, and cytokine production. Deficiency of single nutrients also results in altered immune response: this is observed even when the deficiency state is relatively mild. Of the micronutrients, zinc, selenium, iron, copper, vitamins A, C, E and B(6), and folic acid have important influences on immune responses. Overnutrition and obesity also reduce immunity. Low-birth-weight infants have a prolonged impairment of cell-mediated immunity that can be partly restored by providing extra amounts of dietary zinc. In the elderly, impaired immunity can be enhanced by modest amounts of a combination of micronutrients. These findings have considerable practical and public health significance.
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Most older people over the age of 60-65 years experience some immune dysregulation that makes them less able to respond to immune challenges.
“most older people over the age of 60–65 years (although not all) experience some immune dysregulation that makes them less able to respond to immune challenges [33,34].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
With increasing age, there is a loss of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the thymus, and the ability to respond to pathogens, antigens and mitogens decreases.
“There is a loss of lymphoid tissue, particularly in the thymus, with increasing age [25], and the ability to respond to pathogens, antigens and mitogens decreases [5,33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Older people are more likely to suffer prolonged infections, severe symptoms and secondary complications.
“Furthermore, this age group is more likely to suffer prolonged infections, severe symptoms and secondary complications [33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
The development, maintenance and optional functioning of immune cells is dependent on adequate nutrition, evident at all stages of life.
“The development, maintenance and optional functioning of immune cells is dependent on adequate nutrition, evident at all stages of life [4,5,33,49,69].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Micronutrient deficiencies are common in older people; it has been estimated that 35% of those aged 50 years or older in Europe, USA and Canada have a demonstrable deficiency of one or more micronutrients.
“However, micronutrient deficiencies are common in older people; it has been estimated that 35% of those aged 50 years or older in Europe, USA and Canada have a demonstrable deficiency of one or more micronutrients [33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
In low-birthweight infants, supplementary zinc can partly restore cell-mediated immunity.
“In low-birthweight infants, supplementary zinc can partly restore cell-mediated immunity [33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Multiple micronutrient supplementation in older people may also reduce antibiotic usage and lead to higher post-vaccination immune responses.
“Multiple micronutrient supplementation in older people may also reduce antibiotic usage and lead to higher post-vaccination immune responses [33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Supplementation with modest amounts of a combination of micronutrients can have beneficial effects in older people.
“Supplementation with modest amounts of a combination of micronutrients can have beneficial effects [33].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
Impaired immunity in older people, often caused by multiple micronutrient deficiencies, is evident in the increased incidence and severity of common infections that affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, as well as the urinary and genital tracts.
“Impaired immunity in older people, often caused by multiple micronutrient deficiencies, is evident in the increased incidence and severity of common infections that affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, as well as the urinary and genital tracts [33,116].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [33]
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Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course
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“207 Epithelial restitution is solely a migratory event that does not depend on provision of new enterocytes by proliferation.”
InfluentialThe immunoregulatory role of vitamins A, D and E in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome
Szodoray, P., Horvath, I. F., Papp, G., et al. (2009) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep374 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Climate change and health with an emphasis on interactions with ultraviolet radiation: a review
Thomas, P., Swaminathan, A. D., & Lucas, R. M. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02706.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The immune system is sensitive to numerous endogenous and exogenous factors – including undernutrition (Chandra, 2002), physiological (McEwen, 1998) and psychological stress (Glaser & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005) and UVR exposure (Hart et al.”
BackgroundVitamins C., D and zinc: Synergistic roles in immune function and infections
Maggini, S., Maldonado, P., Cardim, P., Newball, C. F., & Sota Latino, E. R. (2017) · Vitamins & Minerals · doi:10.4172/2376-1318.1000167 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Age has an important influence on the immune system [89-91].”
BackgroundManipulating the immune system for pigs to optimise performance
Pluske, J. R., Kim, J.-C., & Black, J. L. (2018) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an17598 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Verwaerde, C., Delanoye, A., Macia, L., Tailleux, A., & Wolowczuk, I. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01791.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Phenylketonuria, co‐morbidity, and ageing: A review
Vardy, E. R. L. C., MacDonald, A., Ford, S., & Hofman, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1002/jimd.12186 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cheng, B.-J., Wang, J., Meng, X.-L., Sun, L., Hu, B., Li, H.-B., Sheng, J., Chen, G., Tao, F., Sun, Y., et al. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113182 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Schüler, I. M., Haberstroh, S., Dawczynski, K., Lehmann, T., & Heinrich‐Weltzien, R. (2017) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000480124 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Chandra [2002] suggests that an LBW results in a reduced immune response and the impaired immune competence may persist for years [Chandra, 2002].”
BackgroundMilk with and without lactoferrin can influence intestinal damage in a pig model of malnutrition
Garas, L. C., Feltrin, C., Hamilton, M. K., Hagey, J. V., Murray, J. D., Bertolini, L. R., Bertolini, M., Raybould, H. E., & Maga, E. A. (2016) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c5fo01217a · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Developing Immune System
Gauthier, T. W. (2015) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v37.2.11 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Zinc is an essential cofactor in approximately 300 enzyme-dependent processes involved in immunity, growth, cell differentiation, and metabolism (Chandra 2002; Uriu-Adams et al. 2010).”
Voelkle, M., Gregoriano, C., Neyer, P. J., Koch, D., Kutz, A., Bernasconi, L., Conen, A., Müeller, B., & Schüetz, P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091862 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“However, because older and frail patients are often malnourished and have a higher likelihood for low levels in different specific micronutrients [5,6], micronutrient deficiencies could additionally contribute to more severe courses in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.”
Backgroundde Oliveira, D. C., Hastreiter, A. A., Mello, A. S., Beltran, J. S. D. O., Santos, E. W., Borelli, P., & Fock, R. A. (2014) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tuchscherer, M., Otten, W., Kanitz, E., Gräbner, M., Tuchscherer, A., Bellmann, O., Rehfeldt, C., & Metges, C. C. (2012) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1746-6148-8-232 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Discussion In animals and humans, a number of studies have indicated that dietary composition plays an important role in the immune system [31,32].”
BackgroundGreenrod, W., Stockley, C. S., Burcham, P. C., et al. (2005) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.031 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sambucci, M., Laudisi, F., Nasta, F., et al. (2010) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr2255.1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Geukers, V. G. M., Oudshoorn, J. H., Taminiau, J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.3.605 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In addition, malnutrition has been shown to have adverse effects on respiratory muscle strength, ventilatory drive, and immune defense mechanisms (6, 7).”
BackgroundEffects of oral amino acid supplementation on long-term-care-acquired infections in elderly patients
Aquilani, R., Zuccarelli, G. C., Dioguardi, F. S., Baiardi, P., Frustaglia, A., Rutili, C., Comi, E., Catani, M., Iadarola, P., Viglio, S., et al. (2010) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2010.09.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, 2000), an essential biochemical process for proliferation and phagocyte activity of immune cells (Lesourd, 1995; Chandra, 2002).”
BackgroundSalles, J., Cardinault, N., Patrac, V., Berry, A., Giraudet, C., Collin, M.-L., Chanet, A., Tagliaferri, C., Denis, P., Pouyet, C., et al. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6125500 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The present study is based on a model of food restriction—a dysimmunity setting that can explain the decrease in blood inflammation markers [13,15,44].”
MethodLisboa, C. V., Monteiro, R. V., Martins, A., et al. (2015) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760140400 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…known in other model hosts, including under laboratory conditions and is probably the consequence of individual differences in nutritional or energetic state, which can have strong effect on the host response to parasites (Michael & Bundy 1992, Chandra 2002, Demas 2004, Houston & McNamara 2013).”
BackgroundGrant, C. C., Wall, C. R., Gibbons, M. J., Morton, S., Santosham, M., & Black, R. E. (2010) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01868.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dietary Modulation of the Immune System
Méndez-López, L. F., Llerena, J. L. G., Vázquez-Rodríguez, J. A., Guerrero, A. B. M., González-Martínez, B. E., Perez, E. S., & Lomelí, M. L.-C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16244363 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Early undernutrition attenuates the inflammatory response in adult rat offspring
Desai, M., Gayle, D. A., Casillas, E., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767050902874105 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Epidemiological findings show reduced immune responses such as cell-mediated immunity and antibody responses in IUGR offspring during infancy (reviewed in [1]) and adolescence [4].”
BackgroundModeling immune response and its effect on infectious disease outbreak dynamics
Silveyra, J., & Mikler, A. R. (2016) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/s12976-016-0033-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Obesity [11], high-cholesterol levels [12], and low vitamin and mineral intake [13] are some of the nutrition related causes for those immune response deficiencies.”
BackgroundPrestes-Carneiro, L. E., Laraya, R. D., SILVA, P. R. C., et al. (2006) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.52.414 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effect of Bovine Colostrum Supplementation on Respiratory Tract Mucosal Defenses in Swimmers
Crooks, C., Cross, M. L., Wall, C. R., & Ali, A. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.224 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Given the synergistic impact of nutrition on immune function (Chandra, 2002), dietary intake was also Table 4 Plasma Concentrations at Baseline (Base) and After 10 Weeks of Consuming the Supplement”
BackgroundAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis in infancy and childhood
Paniz‐Mondolfi, A., Talhari, C. C., Bustos, M. F. G., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.13664 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Boselli, M., Aquilani, R., Baiardi, P., Dioguardi, F. S., Guarnaschelli, C., Achilli, M. P., Arrigoni, N., Iadarola, P., Verri, M., Viglio, S., et al. (2012) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533611431068 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chandra, R.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chandra, RK
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2002-07-30
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- S73-S76
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2054621363
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 15.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- nutrition and immunity, protein-energy malnutrition, cell-mediated immunity, micronutrient deficiency, zinc, selenium, iron, copper, vitamins, folic acid, obesity, overnutrition, low birth weight, older adults, immunosenescence, cytokine production, secretory IgA
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Child, Child, Preschool, Deficiency Diseases, Humans, Immune System, Infant, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Vitamins, Micronutrients
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