Whole-genome DNA methylation status associated with clinical PTSD measures of OIF/OEF veterans
Open accessAbstract
Emerging knowledge suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pathophysiology is linked to the patients' epigenetic changes, but comprehensive studies examining genome-wide methylation have not been performed. In this study, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation in peripheral whole blood in combat veterans with and without PTSD to ascertain differentially methylated probes. Discovery was initially made in a training sample comprising 48 male Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) veterans with PTSD and 51 age/ethnicity/gender-matched combat-exposed PTSD-negative controls. Agilent whole-genome array detected ~5600 differentially methylated CpG islands (CpGI) annotated to ~2800 differently methylated genes (DMGs). The majority (84.5%) of these CpGIs were hypermethylated in the PTSD cases. Functional analysis was performed using the DMGs encoding the promoter-bound CpGIs to identify networks related to PTSD. The identified networks were further validated by an independent test set comprising 31 PTSD+/29 PTSD- veterans. Targeted bisulfite sequencing was also used to confirm the methylation status of 20 DMGs shown to be highly perturbed in the training set. To improve the statistical power and mitigate the assay bias and batch effects, a union set combining both training and test set was assayed using a different platform from Illumina. The pathways curated from this analysis confirmed 65% of the pool of pathways mined from training and test sets. The results highlight the importance of assay methodology and use of independent samples for discovery and validation of differentially methylated genes mined from whole blood. Nonetheless, the current study demonstrates that several important epigenetically altered networks may distinguish combat-exposed veterans with and without PTSD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
These exposures have been associated with coordinated alterations in stress-response regulation, circadian and sleep-related pathways, and metabolic processes.
“These exposures have been associated with coordinated alterations in stress-response regulation, circadian and sleep-related pathways, and metabolic processes (102–115).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [109]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports epigenetically altered HPA-axis networks, circadian-clock genes, and pathways associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in veterans with PTSD. It does not establish a sleep-related pathway alteration or show that the exposures themselves, rather than PTSD status, were associated with these changes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese changes have been associated with variation in memory processing, sleep duration, and circadian rhythm regulation, as well as differences in PTSD symptom severity.
“These changes have been associated with variation in memory processing, sleep duration, and circadian rhythm regulation, as well as differences in PTSD symptom severity (103, 109–111).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [109]
The Discussion reports epigenetically altered networks linked to learning and memory and circadian-clock regulation in veterans with PTSD. The Results also identify a network associated with REM sleep, but neither section establishes an association with sleep duration. The paper compares PTSD cases with controls and discusses clinical measures, but does not establish an association with variation in PTSD symptom severity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferential methylation of sleep and circadian genes such as PAX8 and LHX1 has been reported in veterans with PTSD.
“Differential methylation of sleep and circadian genes such as PAX8 and LHX1 has been reported in veterans with PTSD (103, 109–111).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [109]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports epigenetic changes in circadian-clock networks in veterans with PTSD and identifies differentially methylated genes including CREB3 and GRIN2A. It does not identify PAX8 or LHX1 as differentially methylated genes; searches for both names found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Uher, R., & Weaver, I. C. G. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127209 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
RetractedFunctions of DNA methylation: islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond
Jones, P. A. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3230 · Cited by 6,061 · see citing works
DNA methylation arrays as surrogate measures of cell mixture distribution
Houseman, E. A., Accomando, W. P., Koestler, D. C., Christensen, B. C., Marsit, C. J., Nelson, H. H., Wiencke, J. K., & Kelsey, K. T. (2012) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-13-86 · Cited by 3,175 · see citing works
Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data
Leek, J. T., Scharpf, R. B., Bravo, H. C., Simcha, D., Langmead, B., Johnson, W. E., Geman, D., Baggerly, K., & Irizarry, R. A. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2825 · Cited by 2,196 · see citing works
Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications
Feil, R., & Fraga, M. F. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3142 · Cited by 1,929 · see citing works
Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock
Ko, C. H., & Takahashi, J. S. (2006) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl207 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Kondratov, R. V., Kondratova, A. A., Gorbacheva, V. Y., Vykhovanets, O. V., & Antoch, M. P. (2006) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1432206 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Circadian control of the immune system
Scheiermann, C., Kunisaki, Y., & Frenette, P. S. (2013) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3386 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Stein, M. B., Jang, K. L., Taylor, S. J., Vernon, P. A., & Livesley, W. J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1675 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Mehta, D., Klengel, T., Conneely, K. N., Smith, A. K., Altmann, A., Pace, T. W., Rex-Haffner, M., Loeschner, A., Gonik, M., Mercer, K. B., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217750110 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD Checklist: A critical review
McDonald, S. D., & Calhoun, P. S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Bimodal regulation of mPeriod promoters by CREB-dependent signaling and CLOCK/BMAL1 activity
Bendová, Z., Cermakian, N., Reppert, S. M., & Sassone‐Corsi, P. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.102075599 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder
Uddin, M., Aiello, A. E., Wildman, D. E., Koenen, K. C., Pawelec, G., de los Santos, R., Goldmann, E., & Galea, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910794107 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N. P., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Bader, H. N., Makotkine, I., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121571 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetics: The link between nature and nurture
Tammen, S. A., Friso, S., & Choi, S. (2012) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.018 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Emotion and cognition interactions in PTSD: a review of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies
Hayes, J. P., VanElzakker, M. B., & Shin, L. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00089 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., Henn-Haase, C., Lehrner, A., Desarnaud, F., Makotkine, I., Daskalakis, N. P., Marmar, C. R., & Meaney, M. J. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.006 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationGates, M. A., Holowka, D. W., Vasterling, J. J., Keane, T. M., Marx, B. P., & Rosen, R. C. (2012) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/a0027649 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Associated with Premature Senescence? A Review of the Literature
Lohr, J. B., Palmer, B. W., Eidt, C. A., Aailaboyina, S., Mausbach, B. T., Wolkowitz, O. M., Thorp, S. R., & Jeste, D. V. (2015) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.04.001 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationBoks, M. P., Mierlo, H. C. V., Rutten, B. P. F., Radstake, T. R. D. J., De Witte, L., Geuze, E., Horvath, S., Schalkwyk, L. C., Vinkers, C. H., Broen, J. C. A., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.011 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Proinflammatory milieu in combat-related PTSD is independent of depression and early life stress
Lindqvist, D., Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S., Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Henn-Haase, C., Bierer, L. M., Abu-Amara, D., Coy, M., Neylan, T. C., et al. (2014) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.003 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationGene × environment vulnerability factors for PTSD: The HPA-axis
Mehta, D., & Binder, E. B. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.009 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Aging Human Circadian Rhythms: Conventional Wisdom May Not Always Be Right
Monk, T. H. (2005) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730405277378 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Wang, H., & Tan, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021397 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Sugimori, M., Nagao, M., Bertrand, N., Parras, C., Guillemot, F., & Nakafuku, M. (2007) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.001255 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Pathways connecting telomeres and p53 in senescence, apoptosis, and cancer
Artandi, S. E., & Attardi, L. D. (2005) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.211 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Learned Fear: Implications for PTSD
Zovkic, I. B., & Sweatt, J. D. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.79 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Gene networks specific for innate immunity define post-traumatic stress disorder
Breen, M. S., Maihofer, A. X., Glatt, S. J., Tylee, D. S., Chandler, S. D., Tsuang, M. T., Risbrough, V. B., Baker, D. G., O'Connor, D. T., Nievergelt, C. M., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.9 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
SSRIs versus Non-SSRIs in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Asnis, G. M., Kohn, S. R., Henderson, M., & Brown, N. L. (2004) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200464040-00004 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Krishnan, V., Han, M.-H., Mazei-Robison, M., Iñiguez, S. D., Ables, J. L., Vialou, V., Berton, O., Ghose, S., Covington, H. E., Wiley, M. D., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.003 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Vukojevic, V., Kolassa, I.-T., Fastenrath, M., Gschwind, L., Spalek, K., Milnik, A., Heck, A., Vogler, C., Wilker, S., Demougin, P., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1526-14.2014 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Epigenetic modulation of glucocorticoid receptors in posttraumatic stress disorder
Labonté, B., Azoulay, N., Yerko, V, Turecki, G., & Brunet, A. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.3 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Dell’Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Debbio, A. D., Dell’Osso, M. C., Bianchi, C., Pozzo, E. D., Origlia, N., Domenici, L., Massimetti, G., Marazziti, D., et al. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.018 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Transcriptional Control of Monocyte Gene Expression in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
O’Donovan, A., Sun, B., Cole, S., Rempel, H., Lenoci, M., Pulliam, L., & Neylan, T. (2011) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2011/560572 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Rusiecki, J. A., Chen, L., Srikantan, V., Zhang, L., Yan, L., Polin, M., & Baccarelli, A. (2012) · Epigenomics · doi:10.2217/epi.11.116 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Association of the Cannabinoid Receptor Gene (CNR1) With ADHD and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Lu, A., Ogdie, M. N., Järvelin, M., Moilanen, I., Loo, S., McCracken, J. T., McGough, J. J., Yang, M. H., Peltonen, L., Nelson, S. F., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30693 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Young, K. A., Berry, M. L., Mahaffey, C. L., Saionz, J. R., Hawes, N. L., Chang, B., Zheng, Q. Y., Smith, R. S., Bronson, R. T., Nelson, R. J., et al. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00413-2 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Methylomic analysis of salivary DNA in childhood ADHD identifies altered DNA methylation in VIPR2
Wilmot, B., Fry, R., Smeester, L., Musser, E., Mill, J., & Nigg, J. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12457 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mulvaney, J. F., & Dabdoub, A. (2012) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-012-0317-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Smith, A. K., Binder, E., Klengel, T., Conneely, K., Mercer, K. B., Davis, J. S., Kerley, K., Winkler, J., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00030 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rusiecki, J. A., Byrne, C., Galdzicki, Z., Srikantan, V., Chen, L., Poulin, M., Yan, L., & Baccarelli, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00056 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Spontaneous brain activity in combat related PTSD
Yan, X., Brown, A. D., Lazar, M., Cressman, V. L., Henn‐Haase, C., Neylan, T. C., Shalev, A. Y., Wolkowitz, O. M., Hamilton, S. P., Yehuda, R., et al. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.032 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial DNA copy number is reduced in male combat veterans with PTSD
Bersani, F. S., Morley, C., Lindqvist, D., Epel, E. S., Picard, M. A., Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Bierer, L. M., Makotkine, I., Amara, D. A., et al. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.012 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationPizzimenti, C. L., & Lattal, K. M. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12187 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ashktorab, H., Daremipouran, M., Goel, A., Varma, S., Leavitt, R., Sun, X., & Brim, H. (2014) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.27644 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Dahlhoff, M., Siegmund, A., Golub, Y., Wolf, E., Holsboer, F., & Wotjak, C. T. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.066 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rameil, P., Lécine, P., Ghysdael, J., Gouilleux, F., Kahn‐Perlès, B., & Imbert, J. (2000) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203542 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Subjective age, PTSD and physical health among war veterans
Solomon, Z., Helvitz, H., & Zerach, G. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860802459856 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Telomere length – A cellular aging marker for depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Zhang, L., Hu, X., Li, X., Li, H., Smerin, S. E., Russell, D. W., & Ursano, R. J. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.033 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Uddin, M., Galea, S., Chang, S. C., Koenen, K. C., Goldmann, E., Wildman, D. E., & Aiello, A. E. (2013) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2013.774627 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
BDNF concentration and impulsiveness level in post-traumatic stress disorder.
Martinotti, G., Sepede, G., Brunetti, M., Ricci, V., Gambi, F., Chillemi, E., Vellante, F., Signorelli, M., Pettorruso, M., Risio, L. D., et al. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.085 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Systems biology approach to understanding post-traumatic stress disorder
Thakur, G., Daigle, B. J., Dean, K. R., Zhang, Y., Rodriguez-Fernández, M., Hammamieh, R., Yang, R., Jett, M., Palma, J., Petzold, L. R., et al. (2015) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c4mb00404c · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, S., Xiao, Z., Lin, Z., Qiu, Y., Jin, Y., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.038 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Shao, L., Fan, X., Cheng, N., Wu, L., & Cheng, Y. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068579 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gene and stress history interplay in emergence of PTSD-like features
Chakraborty, N., Meyerhoff, J. L., Gautam, A., Muhie, S. Y., Jibitu, M., de Lima, T. C. M., Hammamieh, R., & Jett, M. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.038 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Ingeneious Study of Intergenerational Transmission of the Effects of PTSD
Spiegel, D. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14050611 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Inflammation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Mellon, S. H., Gautam, A., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M., & Wolkowitz, O. M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Genetics and Epigenetics Approaches to PTSD
Daskalakis, N. P., Rijal, C. M., King, C. D., Huckins, L. M., & Ressler, K. J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0898-7 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Schultebraucks, K., Qian, M., Amara, D. A., Dean, K. R., LASKA, E. M., Siegel, C., Gautam, A., Guffanti, G., Hammamieh, R., Misganaw, B., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0789-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationthe Traumatic Stress Brain Study Group, Logue, M. W., Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Huber, B. R., Morrison, F. G., Zhou, Z., Zheng, Y., Smith, A. K., Daskalakis, N. P., et al. (2020) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-020-0820-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Yang, R., Wu, G. W. Y., Verhoeven, J. E., Gautam, A., Reus, V. I., Kang, J. I., Flory, J. D., Amara, D. A., Hood, L., Doyle, F. J., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0755-z · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder
Howie, J. H., Rijal, C. M., & Ressler, K. J. (2019) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2019.21.4/kressler · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Metabolomic analysis of male combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder
Mellon, S. H., Bersani, F. S., Lindqvist, D., Hammamieh, R., Donohue, D., Dean, K., Jett, M., Yehuda, R., Flory, J., Reus, V. I., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213839 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk
Sumner, J. A., Cleveland, S., Chen, T., & Gradus, J. L. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02330-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Aliev, G. M., Beeraka, N. M., Nikolenko, V. N., Svistunov, A. А., Rozhnova, T., Kostyuk, S. V., Cherkesov, I. V., Владимировна, Г. Л., Chekhonatsky, A. A., Михалева, Л. М., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092951 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Epigenome-wide association study of depression symptomatology in elderly monozygotic twins
Starnawska, A., Tan, Q., Soerensen, M., McGue, M. K., Mors, O. N., Børglum, A. D., Christensen, K., Nyegaard, M., & Christiansen, L. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0548-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Neurobiology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Shalev, A. Y., Cho, D., & Marmar, C. R. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240536 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic Approaches to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Psychiatric Genomic Consortium Initiative
Nievergelt, C. M., Ashley‐Koch, A. E., Dalvie, S., Hauser, M. A., Morey, R. A., Smith, A. K., & Uddin, M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.020 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
DNA methylation correlates of PTSD: Recent findings and technical challenges
Morrison, F. G., Miller, M. W., Logue, M. W., Assef, M., & Wolf, E. J. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Yang, R., Gautam, A., Getnet, D., Daigle, B. J., Miller, S., Misganaw, B., Dean, K. R., Kumar, R., Muhie, S., Wang, K., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00966-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic Changes Associated with Different Types of Stressors and Suicide
Dee, G., Ryznar, R. J., & Dee, C. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12091258 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bersani, F. S., Mellon, S. H., Lindqvist, D., Kang, J. I., Rampersaud, R., Somvanshi, P. R., Doyle, F. J., Hammamieh, R., Jett, M., Yehuda, R., et al. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usz260 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationZiegler, C., Wolf, C., Schiele, M. A., Bojić, E. F., Kučukalić, S., Dzananovic, E. S., Uka, A. G., Hoxha, B., Haxhibeqiri, V., Haxhibeqiri, S., et al. (2017) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyx111 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neuroepigenetics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Kim, G. S., Smith, A. K., Nievergelt, C. M., & Uddin, M. (2018) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L., Gelernter, J. E., Cheng, Z., Girgenti, M. J., Xu, K., Zhang, X., Gopalan, S., Zhou, H., Duman, R. S., Southwick, S. M., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01822-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Nöthling, J., Abrahams, N., Toikumo, S., Suderman, M. J., Mhlongo, S., Lombard, C. J., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01608-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Katrinli, Ş., Wani, A. H., Maihofer, A. X., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Daskalakis, N. P., Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L., Núñez-Ríos, D. L., Zannas, A. S., Zhao, X., Aiello, A. E., et al. (2024) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-024-01417-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: from gene discovery to disease biology
Polimanti, R. A., & Wendt, F. R. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000210 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Immune system regulation and role of the human leukocyte antigen in posttraumatic stress disorder
Katrinli, Ş., & Smith, A. K. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100366 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nees, F., Witt, S. H., & Flor, H. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.12.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Distinct Profiles of Cell-Free MicroRNAs in Plasma of Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Lee, M. Y., Baxter, D. H., Scherler, K., Kim, T., Wu, X., Amara, D. A., Flory, J. D., Yehuda, R., Marmar, C. R., Jett, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8070963 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationRaza, Z., Hussain, S. F., Foster, V. S., Wall, J., Coffey, P. J., Martin, J. F., & Gomes, R. S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2023.1066158 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Klengel, T., Atkinson, E. G., Chen, C., Choi, K. W., Coleman, J. R. I., Dalvie, S., Duncan, L. E., Logue, M. W., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/458562 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroRNAs as biomarker and novel therapeutic target for posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans
Gupta, S., Guleria, R. S., & Szabo, Y. Z. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114252 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of Combat Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Telomere Length and Amygdala Volume
Kang, J. I., Mueller, S. G., Wu, G. W. Y., Lin, J., Ng, P., Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Amara, D. A., Reus, V. I., Gautam, A., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.03.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBlalock, Z., Wu, G. W. Y., Lindqvist, D., Trumpff, C., Flory, J. D., Lin, J., Reus, V. I., Rampersaud, R., Hammamieh, R., Gautam, A., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02721-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA methylation and psychotherapy response in trauma-exposed men with appetitive aggression
Xulu, K. R., Womersley, J. S., Sommer, J. E., Hinsberger, M., Elbert, T. R., Weierstall, R., Kaminer, D., Malan‐Müller, S., Seedat, S., & Hemmings, S. M. J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113608 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reed, D. E., Cobos, B. A., Nabity, P. S., Doolin, J., & McGeary, D. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-72216-2.00015-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ensink, J. B. M., Keding, T. J., Henneman, P., Venema, A., Papale, L. A., Alisch, R. S., Westerman, Y., van Wingen, G. A., Zantvoord, J. B., Middeldorp, C. M., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mattonet, K., Scharpf, F., Block, K., Kumsta, R., & Hecker, T. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2228155 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Núñez-Ríos, D. L., Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., Nagamatsu, S. T., Krystal, J. H., Martínez, K., Giusti‐Rodríguez, P., & Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L. (2023) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000529536 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Epigenetic Alterations in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Comprehensive Review of Molecular Markers
Golubeva, E., Zeltser, A., Zorkina, Y., Ochneva, A., Tsurina, A. M., Andreyuk, D., Kostyuk, G. P., & Morozova, A. Y. (2024) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000541822 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lim, A., Pasini, M., Yun, S., Gill, J., & Koirala, B. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.08.027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Integrative View on the Biopsychology of Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Varadarajan, S., Behnke, A., Gumpp, A. M., Mavioğlu, R. N., Fissler, P., & Kolassa, I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97802-0_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Freeman, J., Salberg, S., Noel, M. E., & Mychasiuk, R. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03267-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ensink, J. B. M., Henneman, P., Venema, A., Zantvoord, J. B., den Kelder, R. O., Mannens, M. M. A. M., & Lindauer, R. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Baghaei, A., Zoshk, M. Y., Hosseini, M., Dastjerdi, H. F., Nassireslami, E., Shayesteh, S., Laripour, R., Amoli, A. E., Heidari, R., & Chamanara, M. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09276-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Epigenetic Approach to PTSD: In the Aspects of Rat Models
Aykaç, A., & Kalkan, R. (2021) · Global Medical Genetics · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1736633 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reed, K., Cleveland, S., Thomas, J. L., Hsu, A., Jeong, A., Nguyen, J., Patel, A., Zhang, S., & Sumner, J. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823039-8.00016-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Epigenetic epidemiology of psychiatric disorders
Dahrendorff, J., & Uddin, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823577-5.00031-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Computational Techniques to Recover Missing Gene Expression Data
Fraidouni, N., & Zaruba, G. V. (2018) · Advances in Science Technology and Engineering Systems Journal · doi:10.25046/aj030630 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Katrinli, Ş., Wani, A. H., Maihofer, A. X., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., Daskalakis, N. P., Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L., Núñez-Ríos, D. L., Zannas, A. S., Zhao, X., Aiello, A. E., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.15.24310422 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kac, E., Qi, Q., & Ryznar, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1769422 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Differential methylation of sleep and circadian genes such as PAX8 and LHX1 has been reported in veterans with PTSD (103, 109 – 111).”
A correlation based matrix completion approach to gene expression prediction
Fraidouni, N., & Zaruba, G. V. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Computational Advances in Bio and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1109/iccabs.2017.8114303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The mechanisms of histone modification in post-traumatic stress disorder
ZHANG, Y., Zhao, G., Yuwei, H. A. N., ZHANG, J., Cao, C., Wang, L., & Zhang, K. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.00098 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping the epigenomic landscape of post-traumatic stress disorder in human cortical neuronsPreprint
Núñez-Ríos, D. L., Nagamatsu, S. T., Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., Hurd, Y. L., Rompala, G. R., Krystal, J. H., & Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.11.24315258 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Blast-Induced Neurotrauma
Bailey, Z. S. (2017) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Bountress, K. E., Brick, L. A. D., Cusack, S. E., Sheerin, C. M., Nugent, N. R., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816022-0.00008-9
Epigenomic biomarkers of posttraumatic stress disorder
Montalvo‐Ortiz, J. L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823039-8.00020-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and noncoding RNAs
Braný, D., Dvorská, D., Lockwood, L. E., Strnádel, J., & Youssef, N. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823039-8.00011-3
Logue, M. W., Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Huber, B. R., Morrison, F. G., Zhou, Z., Zheng, Y., Smith, A. K., Daskalakis, N. P., Ratanatharathorn, A. D., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.11986023
Kotelnikova, A. V., Khovalko, E. N., & Kukshina, A. A. (2026) · City Healthcare · doi:10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2026.v.7i3;109-124
Epigenetic mechnisms involved in posttraumatic stress disorder
CHEISHVILI, D., Yaakov, H., & Shrira, A. (2026) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19043-8.00027-x
- Authors
- Hammamieh, R., Chakraborty, N., Gautam, A., Muhie, S., Yang, R., Donohue, D., Kumar, R., Daigle, B. J., Zhang, Y., Amara, D. A., Miller, S.-A., Srinivasan, S., Flory, J., Yehuda, R., Petzold, L., Wolkowitz, O. M., Mellon, S. H., Hood, L., Doyle, F. J., Marmar, C., & Jett, M.
- Affiliations
- United States Army (US)
- The Geneva Foundation (US)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- University of Memphis (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Institute for Systems Biology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hammamieh, R
- ORCID
- Venue
- Translational Psychiatry
- Published
- 2017-07-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e1169-e1169
- ISSN
- 2158-3188 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5538114
- OpenAlex
- W2734636077
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 8.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Translational Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Health Agency
- Medical Research and Materiel Command (190040)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, DNA methylation, epigenetics, combat veterans, Operation Enduring Freedom, Iraq War, differentially methylated genes, CpG islands, hypermethylation, whole blood, epigenetic networks
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Iraq War, 2003-2011, Young Adult, Afghan Campaign 2001-, Veterans Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
