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Scaling laws at the nanosize: the effect of particle size and shape on the magnetism and relaxivity of iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agents
Open accessAbstract
The magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles govern their relaxivities and efficacy as contrast agents for MRI. These properties are in turn determined by their composition, size and morphology. Herein we present a systematic study of the effect of particle size and shape of magnetite nanocrystals synthesized by thermal decomposition of iron salts on both their magnetism and longitudinal and transverse relaxivities, r1 and r2, respectively. Faceted nanoparticles demonstrate superior magnetism and relaxivities to spherical nanoparticles of similar size. For faceted nanoparticles, but not for spherical ones, r1 and r2 further increase with increasing particle size up to a size of 18 nm. This observation is in accordance with increasing saturation magnetization for nanoparticles increasing in size up to 12 nm, above which a plateau is observed. The NMRD (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Dispersion) profiles of MIONs (Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles) display an increase in longitudinal relaxivity with decreasing magnetic field strength with a plateau below 1 MHz. The transverse relaxivity shows no dependence on the magnetic field strength between 20 MHz and 500 MHz. These observations translate to phantom MR images: in T1-weighted SWIFT (SWeep Imaging with Fourier Transform) images MIONs have a positive contrast with little dependence on the particle size, whereas in T2-weighted gradient-echo images MIONs create a negative contrast which increases in magnitude with increasing particle size. Altogether, these results will enable the development of particulate MRI contrast agents with enhanced efficacy for biomedical and clinical applications.
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“Regarding the effect of hydrodynamic diameter and aggregation on relaxivities, r2 gradually increases with the hydrodynamic diameter (up until approximately 80 nm) for small clusters, because SPION are consistently dispersed in water and protons diffuse between the magnetic cores.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [109]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Different parameters like core size of SPION, shape, hydrodynamic diameter, size distribution, nanoparticles coating and aggregation influence the longitudinal and transverse relaxivities of iron oxide nanoparticles.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“While r2 typically shows a linear increase with increasing the particle core size from 4-5 to 18 nm, r1 remains rather invariant for particles larger than approximately 8 nm.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [109]
In the citing paper
“In the case of large clusters, if the size exceeds 90 nm, r2 decreases with increasing size due to a reduction in the proton exchange rate arising from the reduction in surface accessibility.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [109]
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Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications
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Structure–Relaxivity Relationships of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smolensky, E. D., Park, H.-Y. E., Zhou, Y., Rolla, G. A., Marjańska, M., Botta, M., & Pierre, V. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pierre, Valérie C.
- Venue
- Journal of Materials Chemistry B
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2818
- ISSN
- 2050-750X (ISSN-L)
- 2050-7518
- PMC
- PMC3695630
- OpenAlex
- W1993475836
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 6.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Materials Chemistry B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- W. M. Keck Foundation
- University of Pennsylvania
- Regione Piemonte
- National Institutes of Health
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota
- Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Harvard University
- Earth Sciences Division
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM008700)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB015894)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR008079)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnetic Properties and Synthesis of Ferrites
- Keywords
- iron oxide nanoparticles, MRI contrast agents, relaxivity, particle size effects, particle shape, faceted nanoparticles, magnetite, saturation magnetization, thermal decomposition synthesis, T1 contrast, T2 contrast, nanoparticle morphology
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