Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives
Abstract
There is still an ongoing effort to search for sustainable, clean and highly efficient energy generation to satisfy the energy needs of modern society. Among various advanced technologies, electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role and numerous new electrocatalysts have been developed to improve the efficiency of gas evolution. Along the way, enormous effort has been devoted to finding high-performance electrocatalysts, which has also stimulated the invention of new techniques to investigate the properties of materials or the fundamental mechanism of the OER. This accumulated knowledge not only establishes the foundation of the mechanism of the OER, but also points out the important criteria for a good electrocatalyst based on a variety of studies. Even though it may be difficult to include all cases, the aim of this review is to inspect the current progress and offer a comprehensive insight toward the OER. This review begins with examining the theoretical principles of electrode kinetics and some measurement criteria for achieving a fair evaluation among the catalysts. The second part of this review acquaints some materials for performing OER activity, in which the metal oxide materials build the basis of OER mechanism while non-oxide materials exhibit greatly promising performance toward overall water-splitting. Attention of this review is also paid to in situ approaches to electrocatalytic behavior during OER, and this information is crucial and can provide efficient strategies to design perfect electrocatalysts for OER. Finally, the OER mechanism from the perspective of both recent experimental and theoretical investigations is discussed, as well as probable strategies for improving OER performance with regards to future developments.
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The oxygen evolution reaction involves sluggish four-electron transfer kinetics at the anode, requiring high overpotentials to drive the reaction.
“However, its efficiency is hindered by the OER, which involves sluggish four-electron transfer kinetics at the anode, requiring high overpotentials to drive the reaction.”
From Transition metal–phenanthroline intercalated montmorillonite as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
The hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode proceeds with relatively lower activation energy.
“In contrast, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode proceeds with relatively lower activation energy.”
From Transition metal–phenanthroline intercalated montmorillonite as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
OER activity usually takes place by multi-electron transfer among metal ions, intermediates, and water molecules.
“OER activity usually takes place by the multi-electron transfer among metal ions, intermediates, and water molecules as described by Tzu Suen and co-workers [100].”
The OER Tafel slope of 79 mV for NCSe@GA recommends that the rate-determining step is at the concluding part of multi-electron transfer.
“Tafel slope = 79 mV for NCSe@GA recommends the rate determining step should be at the concluding part of multi-electron transfer proposed to be [100]:”
Implementation of seawater electrolysis is limited by the sluggish anodic reaction, due to the rigid O-O bond and the multi-step proton/electron transfer process.
“However, the implementation of seawater electrolysis remains circumscribed by the sluggish anodic re action, due to the rigid O––O bond and the multi-step proton/electron transfer process [11,12].”
From Wood aerogel-derived sandwich-like layered nanoelectrodes for alkaline overall seawater electrosplitting (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
OERCrew, a system designed for studying structure-activity relationships in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), was developed to demonstrate the scalability and inherent modularity of the proposed framework.
“As illustrated in Section 16 in the Supplementary data, we developed a system called OERCrew designed for studying the structure–activity relationships in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [54], to demonstrate the scalability and inherent modularity of the proposed framework.”
From Automating structure-activity analysis for electrochemical nitrogen reduction catalyst design through multi-agent collaborations (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Suen, N.-T., Hung, S.-F., Quan, Q., Zhang, N., Xu, Y.-J., & Chen, H. M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Fuzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Yi-Jun
- Chen, Hao Ming
- Venue
- Chemical Society Reviews
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 337-365
- ISSN
- 0306-0012 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-4744
- OpenAlex
- W2575823937
- Cited by
- 6,307
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 484 · 2025: 645 · 2024: 780 · 2023: 774 · 2022: 879 · 2021: 823 · 2020: 767 · 2019: 608 · 2018: 418 · 2017: 124 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 21.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemical Society Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- oxygen evolution reaction, electrocatalysts, electrode kinetics, metal oxide electrocatalysts, water splitting, OER mechanism, in situ characterization, electrocatalyst design
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