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Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

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Bernhard, G. H., Neale, R. E., Barnes, P. W., Neale, P. J., Zepp, R. G., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bais, A. F. +34 more·2020·Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
DOI 10.1039/d0pp90011gPMC PMC7442302
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Abstract

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.

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  • Changes in ultraviolet radiation during the last twenty years have been generally minimal, resulting in less than 4% in a decade.

    “Bernhard et al. (2020) reported that changes in ultraviolet radiation during the last twenty years have been generally minimal, resulting in less than 4% in a decade.”

    From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Bernhard et al. 2020

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Bernhard, G. H., Neale, R. E., Barnes, P. W., Neale, P. J., Zepp, R. G., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bais, A. F., McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Young, P. J., Liley, J. B., Lucas, R. M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L. E., Byrne, S. N., Hollestein, L. M., Olsen, C. M., Young, A. R., Robson, T. M., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Robinson, S. A., Ballaré, C. L., Williamson, C. E., Rose, K. C., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D. P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S. Å., Austin, A. T., Hou, W. C., Paul, N. D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K. R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K. K., Heikkilä, A. M., & White, C. C.
Affiliations
  • Biospherical Instruments (United States) (US)
  • Loyola University New Orleans (US)
  • Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (US)
  • Environmental Protection Agency (US)
  • University of Wollongong (AU)
  • North Carolina State University (US)
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
  • National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NZ)
  • Lancaster University (GB)
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Garvan Institute of Medical Research (AU)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • Murdoch University (AU)
  • University College Cork (IE)
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • Miami University (US)
  • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (US)
  • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • Linnaeus University (SE)
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • National Cheng Kung University (TW)
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
  • Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CN)
  • Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine (DE)
  • Institute of Wood Science and Technology (IN)
  • Finnish Meteorological Institute (FI)
Corresponding author
Bornman, J. F.
ORCID
Venue
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-05
Volume
19
Issue
5
Pages
542-584
ISSN
  • 1474-905X (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-9092
DOI
10.1039/d0pp90011g
PMC
PMC7442302
OpenAlex
W4211115699
Cited by
122
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 5
FWCI
5.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
  • Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (DEB-1754276, DEB 1754265)
  • Science Foundation Ireland (16-IA-4418)
  • Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
  • Naturvårdsverket
  • Linnéuniversitetet
  • Smithsonian Institution
  • Manchester Biomedical Research Centre
  • Australian Research Council
  • University of Wollongong
  • Helsingin Yliopisto
  • Academy of Finland (#324555)
  • National Health and Medical Research Council
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Keywords
stratospheric ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change, Montreal Protocol, human health effects, air quality, terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, contaminant fate and transport
MeSH terms
Microplastics, Environmental Health, Humans, Ultraviolet Rays, United Nations, Climate Change, Stratospheric Ozone

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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