Small, mobile, persistent: Trifluoroacetate in the water cycle – Overlooked sources, pathways, and consequences for drinking water supply
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of trifluoroacetate (TFA) of more than 100 μg/L in a major German river led to the occurrence of more than 20 μg/L TFA in bank filtration based tap waters. Several spatially resolved monitoring programs were conducted and discharges from an industrial company were identified as the point source of TFA contamination. Treatment options for TFA removal were investigated at full-scale waterworks and in laboratory batch tests. Commonly applied techniques like ozonation or granulated activated carbon filtration are inappropriate for TFA removal, whereas TFA was partly removed by ion exchange and completely retained by reverse osmosis. Further investigations identified wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as additional TFA dischargers into the aquatic environment. TFA was neither removed by biological wastewater treatment, nor by a retention soil filter used for the treatment of combined sewer overflows. WWTP influents can even bear a TFA formation potential, when appropriate CF 3 -containing precursors are present. Biological degradation and ozonation batch experiments with chemicals of different classes (flurtamone, fluopyram, tembotrione, flufenacet, fluoxetine, sitagliptine and 4:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate) proved that there are yet overlooked sources and pathways of TFA, which need to be addressed in the future.
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Given no PFAS manufacturing in Serbia, plausible contributors to elevated TFA include emissions from industrial and pharmaceutical uses, agricultural application of C-CF3-containing plant protection products, and secondary atmospheric formation through degradation of volatile fluorinated precursors and refrigerant gases.
“Given that there is no PFAS manufacturing in Serbia, plausible contributors include emissions from industrial and pharmaceutical uses, agricultural application of C–CF3-containing plant protection products, and secondary atmospheric formation through degradation of volatile fluorinated precursors and refrigerant gases [39,40,41].”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
Studies on degradation by microbiota have not shown any evidence of TFA being susceptible to microbiological degradation.
“Studies on degradation by microbiota, including species and strains from contaminated areas, have not shown any evidence of TFA being susceptible to microbiological degradation [202, 203].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [202]
TFA can be formed from some fluoro-pharmaceuticals during treatment of water with O3; the molar yield of TFA from fluoxetine solutions treated with O3 at 4 mg L−1 was as large as 40%.
“TFA can also be formed from some fluoro-pharmaceuticals during treatment of water with O3. The molar yield of TFA from fluoxetine solutions treated with O3 at 4 mg L−1 was as large as 40% [202].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [202]
Ozonation of solutions of mesotrione, flufenacet, flurtamone, and fluopyram at 100 μg L−1 for 5-60 min resulted in 5, 20, 43, and 32% production of TFA on a molar basis.
“For example, ozonation (4 mg L−1) of solutions of trembotrione (mesotrione, CAS# 104,206-82-8), flufenacet (CAS# 142,459-58-3), flurtamone (CAS# 96,525-23-4), and fluopyram (CAS# 658,066–35-4) at 100 µg L−1 for times between 5 and 60 min resulted in 5, 20, 43, and 32% production of TFA on a molar basis [Fig. 7 in 202].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [202]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Scheurer, M., Nödler, K., Freeling, F., Janda, J., Happel, O., Riegel, M., Müller, U., Storck, F. R., Fleig, M., Lange, F. T., Brunsch, A., & Brauch, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- DVGW - Technologiezentrum Wasser (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Scheurer, Marco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 126
- Pages
- 460-471
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2757297597
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (02WIL138)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- trifluoroacetate, PFAS, drinking water contamination, bank filtration, industrial discharge, wastewater treatment plants, combined sewer overflows, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, ozonation, granular activated carbon, biodegradation, flufenacet, fluoxetine, fluopyram, tembotrione, fluorotelomer sulfonates, water cycle, river water quality
- MeSH terms
- Charcoal, Environmental Monitoring, Filtration, Ion Exchange, Ozone, Soil, Trifluoroacetic Acid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Water Purification, Rivers, Halogenation, Water Cycle, Drinking Water
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